Std:10 Democratic Politics
Simplified study material
1. Power Sharing
1.Case
study of Belgium
Ø In Belgium 59% of people speak
Dutch and 40% of people speak French.
Ø In capital Brussels 80% of people
speak French While 20% of people speak Dutch.
Ø Minority French speaking people was
relatively rich and powerful
Ø So rulling government schemes were
in favour of Dutch speaking people.
Ø It led to tensions between Dutch
and French speaking communities.
2.Accommodation/solution
in Belgium.
Ø Between 1970 and 1993 four times
constitution was amended.
Ø Central government ministry was
shared by French and Dutch communities equally.
Ø Central governemt shared its power
with the regional governments.
Ø Community government was setup to
look at the issues of language, education and culture.
Ø Separate government for Brussels
and French shared ministry with Dutch.
3.Case
study of Sri Lanka / Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka.
Ø In Sri Lanka 74% of people speak
Sinhala.
Ø Tamil speaking population was 18%.
Ø In that Sri Lankan Tamils or Native
Tamils were 13% and Indian Tamils were 5%.
Ø 1956 the Only Sinhala Act made
Sinhala as the only official Language.
Ø Reservation policies were made in
favour of Sinhala and against of Tamils.
Ø Tamil people raised their demands
which was ignored by the government.
Ø So Tamil people demanded Separate
state called Tami Eelam.
Ø The civil war took place in Sri Lanka
and ended in favour in Sinhala
Ø Thousands of innocent Tamil people
were killed in the war.
4.Why
power sharing is desirable? Why do we need power sharing?
Prudential
Reasons:
Ø Power sharing can reduce the
conflict between two communities.
Ø Power sharing may increase the
stability of the government.
Ø Power sharing can reduce the
violence between two communities.
Moral
Reasons:
Ø Power sharing is the very spirit of
democracy.
Ø People have a right to be
consulted.
5.Forms
of Power sharing / Kinds of power sharing:
Horizontal power sharing:
Ø Power sharing among the organs of
the government.
Ø Power sharing between Legislative, Executive
and Judiciary.
Ø None of the organ is having
unlimited powers.
Ø Each organ can check others.
Vertical power sharing
Ø Power sharing among the different
levels of the government
Ø Central government for overall country.
Ø There will be regional government
or state government.
Ø The central government shares its
powers with state government.
Ø The state government shares powers
with the local government.
Ø There will be federal setup of multi-level
governance.
Ø Ex: India and Belgium
Power sharing with different social
groups
Ø Power sharing with weaker section
of the society.
Ø In India reservation has been given
to the SC/ST and women.
Ø Powers sharing with minorities and
weaker section of the people.
Ø Ex: Community government in
Belgium.
Power sharing with Political
parties, pressure groups and movements
Ø Two or more parties form an
alliance and share power.
Ø Interest groups like farmers,
traders can also share the power by influencing the government in their favour.
Ethnic:A Social division based on culture.
People have similarities in physical looks and culture. Need not always have
same religion and nationality.
Majoritarianism: A belief of the majority community
dominate or rule over the minority community. Disregarding the needs and wishes
of the minority.
Civil
war: A violent conflict between two
groups within the nation.
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2. Federalism
1.What
is federalism?
Ø In a federal system a country have
two or more level of government.
Ø There will be a central or union
government for entire country.
Ø There will be regional governments at regional level.
2.What
are the key features of federalism?
Ø There are two or more level of
government.
Ø Each level of government has its
own jurisdiction.
Ø Jurisdictions are specified in the
constitution.
Ø Basic rights of the constitution
cannot be changed by one level of government.
Ø Court have the power to interpret
the constitution.
Ø Sources of revenue has been shared
between the different levels of the government.
3.
What are two objectives of the federal government?
Ø To safeguard and promote the unity
of the country.
Ø To accommodate the regional
diversity.
4.DifferentiateCOMING TOGETHER FEDERATION AND
HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION
COMING
TOGETHER FEDERATION:
Ø A.Independent states coming
together on their own and form big unit.
Ø B.Ex:USA and Australia
HOLDING
TOGETHER FEDERATION:
Ø A.A large country divided into
smaller divisions.
Ø B.Ex: India and Belgium.
5.What
makes India a federal country?
Ø The constitution of India declared
that India is an Indian Union.
Ø Earlier we started with two tier
government now we have three tier administration.
Ø Union list: subjects of national
importance. Ex: Banking and Currency etc.,
Ø State list: subjects of local
importance. Ex: Police, agriculture and irrigation etc.,
Ø Concurrent list: These are common
subjects where both level of government can make laws. Ex:Education, forest and
marriage.
6.Linguistic
states
Ø Lanuage based states were formed to
ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state.
Exception to Nagaland, Uttarkhand and Jharkhand.
Ø Some national leaders had a fear
that linguistic states can separate the nation but now it made our country more
united.
7.Language
policy
Ø Our constitution did not gave the
status of National Language to any one language.
Ø Hindi was identified as the
official language of central government.
Ø Hindi is the mother tongue of 40%
of the Indians.
Ø In 1965 the use of English for official purpose was
stop, but non Hindi states demanded English to continue.
Ø particularly in Tamil nadu the Anti
Hindi Movement took violent form.
Ø So the Central Government agreed to
continue the use of English for official purpose.
Ø In this issue national leaders
shown great flexibility which avoided the conflict like Srilanka.
8.Centre
– State relationship
Ø When same party ruling in the
Central and State government than the state get more favours.
Ø When State and Centre governments
were ruled by different party, the Central Government undermine the State
government.
Ø In those days central government
misuse the powers and dismiss the state government.
Ø After 1990 we could able to sew a
rise of regional parties.
Ø The era of COALITION GOVERNMENTS
has strengthened the federal set up.
Ø When power is taken away from the
Central and State governments and given to the Local government is called
decentralization.
10
Why decentralization of power is needed?
Ø Large number of problems are local
in nature.
Ø Most of the problems can be solved at local level, need
not taken to the higher level.
Ø local people have the better
understanding of the issue and they can come out with best solution.
Ø It give the sense to the people
that they are in decision taking process.
11.What
was the major step took in decentralization
in 1992
Ø Local government elections became
mandatory.
Ø Seats are reserved SC/ST.
Ø One third seats are reserved for Women
Ø State Election commission was set
up in all states to look after the election process.
Ø The State government need to share
its power and money to the local government.
Jurisdiction:
The area over which someone has legal authority.
Coalition
government: A government
formed by at least two political parties.
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