Std 10 CBSE Social Geography Transport Map

Nationalism in Europe

Nationalism in Europe

                                                                                 R.Ayyappan

Unification of Germany

Ø 1848 liberals tried to unite the Germany into one nation, but it was repressed by large landowners (Junkers) of Prussia, Monarchy and military.

Ø Prussia took the leadership to unite German confederations.

Ø With the help of Prussian army and Bureaucracy, the Chief Minister of Prussia Otto Van Bismark made attempt to unite the Germany.

Ø Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in victory to Otto Van Bismark and completed the process of unification.

Ø In January 1871 the Prussian King William –I was proclaimed as the German Emperor.

Unification of Italy

Ø During the middle of the 19^th century Italy was divided into seven states.

Ø Except the Sardinia – Piedmont was the only state ruled by the Italian Princely house.

Ø Rest of the states was ruled by Austrian Habsburg (North), Pope(centre) and Bourbon kings of Spain (South).

Ø Giuseppe Mazzini made a programme called Unitary Italian Republic in 1830. And formed secret society called Young Italy.

Ø The ruler of Sardinia – Piedmont the King Victor Emmanuel II wanted to unify the Italian states.

Ø His Chief minster Cavour led the movement of unification.

Ø Cavour able to defeat Austrian forces with the alliance with France 1859.

Ø Giuseppe Garibaldi marched towards South Italy and Kingdom of Two Sicilies with large number of peasants and drive out the Spanish rulers.

Ø In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the King of United Italy.

Unification of United Kingdom of Great Britain

Ø British Isles were inhabited by the ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.

Ø English grow in wealth and political dominance.

Ø The English parliament seized the power from the monarch in 1688.

Ø The Act of Union between England and Scotland resulted the formation of  United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Ø The England dominated the Scotland.

Ø The British parliament was dominated with English members. Representation of Scotland was very less.

Ø The British tried to destroy the identity of Scotland culture and language.

Ø The Scottish was forbidden to speak the Gaelic language or wear their national dress.

Ø In Ireland English helped the protestants to establish their dominance over the Catholics.

Ø The revolt of Wolfe Tone (1798) was suppressed and Ireland was forcibly incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.

Ø New Union Jack flag and the National Anthem “God save our noble king” were promoted.

Visualising the Nation

Ø Allegories were formed in Europe to represent their nations.

Ø Marianne, the female allegory represented the France. With red cape, the tricolor, the cockade. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.

Ø Germania, the female allegory represented the Germany. Germania wears a crown of Oak(heroism),sword(ready to fight), broken chain(Being freed)etc.,

The Balkan problem

Ø The Balkan region consists of lot of ethnic variations.

Ø It include the present day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece and Serbia etc.,

Ø A large part of the Balkan region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.

Ø The romantic nationalisam spread all over the Balkan region and led to the disintegration and ideas of nationalism.

Ø During the 19^th century the Ottoman empire was disintegrated.

Ø The European nationalist in Balken region broke away from the control and declared independence.

Ø The Balkan people based on their history they tried to prove that they were independent in the past.

Ø Many small Balkan states were formed.

Ø Each state was jealous about the other and wanted to dominate other which led to the intense tensions and war.

Ø Big European powers like Germany, England, Austro-Hungary was keen enter into this region.

Ø The series of wars in this region finally ended in the First World War.

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std 10 ECONOMICS study material

Economics

Std X                                      1. Development                             R. Ayyappan

1.People have different notions of developmental goals (or) People have          

    conflicting goals

Ø People are diafferent from each other. Different persons can have different developmental goals.

Ø What may be development for one may be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.

Ø Eg: industrialist will support dams for the cheap and efficient electricity whereas the people those who are living that area may oppose the project because they will lose the livelihood due to the project.

2.What are the common goals of the people?

Ø Material goals: Regular job, decent wages or price for their product.

Ø Non material goals: Equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect.

3.How World Bank classifies or compares the countries or states?

Ø World Bank classifies the countries on the basis of the average income or per capita income.

Ø The countries with per capita income of Rs.4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004 are called rich countries.

Ø The countries with per capita income of Rs. 37,000 or less are called low income countries.

Ø Per capita income of India is Rs.28,000 per annum.

4. Define average income or per capita income and explain the defects.

Per capita income       =       Total income

                                   Total population

Ø Defects:  Average income do not show the real picture, it shows only average picture of the country.

Ø Average income not shows the fair distribution or equitable distribution of the income in the country.

 

Eg:

Country	I	II	III	IV	V	Average
Country A	9500	10500	9800	10000	10200	10,000
Country B	500	500	500	500	48000	10,000

 

5.How other criteria’s other than per capita income influence the development or Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab.  Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

Ø There are factors like literacy and health are also important criteria like per capita income.

Ø Yes I agree per capita income alone is not a useful criterion to compare the states.

Table 1

State	Per capita income for 20012-13 (in Rs)
Maharashtra	1,04,000
Kerala	88,500
Bihar	27,200

Ø According to table one Maharashtra in first place because of the high per capita income but human resource development not only refers the income but also other criterions like education and health. From table 2 we can understand how per capita income alone cannot determine the development.

Table 2

State	Infant Mortality rate Per 1,000 (2012)	Literacy rate (%)         2001	Net attendance ratio for class 1-V
Maharashtra	25	82	64
Kerala	12	94	78
Bihar	43	62	35

 

Ø According table 2, Kerala has positive ratios in education and in health even though less in per capita income.

Ø Infant mortality rate of Kerala is only 12 where it is 25 in Maharashtra, it shows Maharashtra lacks behind the Kerala in health.

Ø Literacy rate and Net attendance ratio also Kerala is better than the ratios of Maharashtra. 

Ø So to measure the Human resource development, along with per capita income other criteria’s like education, health are also important.

6.Human Development Report

Ø Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.

Ø India stands in 135^th place in this report.

7.Life expectancy :  Average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

8.HDI =Human Development Index

9.Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Ø The development very much based on resources.  Due to the exploitation and large scale use of resources are depleting in a rapid rate.

Ø For example : The oil reserves of middle east will exhaust in 78.1 years, in USA within 12.1 years. In entire world the oil reserves will be exhaust in 53.3 years.

Ø In our country the water level declined by 4 meters during past 20 years.

Ø Nearly 1/3 of the country overusing their ground water resources.

10.“We have not inherited the world from our forefathers – we have borrowed it from our children.” - Comment

We have rights to use the resources for our living or survival but if exploit the resources in greed it is not a justice to the future generation.  We don’t have those rights too. 

11.“The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.”

The above mentioned statement was made by our father of nation Mahatma Gandhi.  According to him human fair utilization of resources will not deplete the resources.  Greed is a thing which does not have any limit.  The resources which satisfy our needs are limited, exhaustible in nature, if we utilize for our need resources will sustain for a long period otherwise they will vanish rapidly and our life in the earth will be at stake. 

12.In what respect the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?

World Bank use only per capita income or average income  where as UNDP uses other variables like literacy rate, Net attendance ratio, Life expectancy, Gross enrolment ratio along with per capita income.

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2. Sectors of the economy

1.Describe the different sectors of the economy?

Primary sector:  Primary sector activities directly engage with the nature.  It produces food grains and raw materials for the secondary sector.  Agriculture, Dairy, Fishing, and Mining comes under this sector.

Secondary sector:  It covers industrial or manufacturing activities.

Ex: sugar industry, Iron and steel industry etc.,

Tertiary sector: these are activities that help the development of the primary and secondary sectors.  These activities, by themselves do not produce a good but they are an aid or support for the production.

Ex: Transportation, Communication, Education, Banking etc.,

2. How all the sectors are interlinked?

Ø Primary sector provide raw material for the secondary sector.  If primary sector unable to supply raw material means secondary sector will not produce products.

Ø Secondary sector makes primary sector prosperous.  If secondary sector not getting raw materials   from the primary sector means the farmers will not get market for their products.

Ø Raw materials should reach the industry and final goods should reach the market, it is not possible without transportation.  Apart from the transportation, labour, management, infrastructure are also needed for the development of primary and secondary sector.  It is provided by the tertiary sector.  It links other sector with people.  Without the support of tertiary sector nearly primary and secondary sector effect less.

 

3. Trace the historical change in sector

Total GDP

Year	Rupees in crores
1971-72	500,000
2011-12	5,500,000

 

Share of sectors / Sectoral contribution towards the GDP.

Year	Primary (%)	Sector (%)	Tertiary (%)
1971-72	44	22	36
2011-12	18	24	56

 

Share of sectors in Employment (%)

The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even now

Industrial sector outputs went up by more than 9 times but employment generation has went up only 3 times

In service sector outputs went up by 14 times but employment generation has went up by only 5 times.

 

 

4.Not all of the service sector is growing equally well- comment the statement

Large number of workers engaged in service sector are small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons. Their earning are less.

There are limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated workers.

5.Under or disguised unemployment

          When a person have less work or working less than his potential or not having regular work, it is called under or disguised unemployment.

Ex:  More family members depends on small piece of land.

          Unorganized sector workers like agricultural labours, constructional workers, painters, pettey shop workers etc.,

6.National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA 2005)

Ø Work for 100 days for a family in a year

Ø Rs.100 per day

Ø Cleaning the ponds, constructing the embankments, strengthening the walls of canals or rivers and dredging works will be given to the NREGA workers.

7.Organised sector	Un organized sector
Ø These organizations are guided by the laws provided by the central and state governments.	Ø These organizations will not or partly follow the laws of the government.
Ø Workers welfare will be given more preference.	Ø Workers welfare will not be given much importance.
Ø There will be job security	Ø There will not be job security
Ø Workers will be benefitted economically much.	Ø Workers may be exploited
Ø There will be a safe environment.	Ø They will not give much importance to the safety of the environment.
Ø Ex: Workers of Indian Railways	Ø Ex: Daily wage farm labour.

         

8. How to protect the unorganized sector workers.

Ø Laws: Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Work man compensation Act, Labour  law etc.,

Ø Regular supervision on the institutions.

Ø Creating awareness among the unorganized sector labour.

Ø Monitoring agencies to monitor the functioning of the unorganized sector and labour rights.

9. How to create more employment?          

Ø Agriculture        : Application of modern methods of farming – availing loans from the banks, cold storage facilities, Dam and canals – value added services transportation to the rural regions.

Ø Industries                    : Promoting local industries. Providing technical and financial assistance to the industrial sector.

Ø Tertiary sector : increasing the infrastructural facilities like transport, communication, education, education, water, electricity etc.,

10.Differentiate the sectors on the basis of ownership

Public sector	Private sector
Ø Capital is generated from the government and the people.	Ø Capital is provided by the individuals or group of people.
Ø The main aim of the institution is service.	Ø The main aim of the institution is profit.
Ø These institutions follow all the laws provided by the government.	Ø These institutions partly sometime will not follow any guidelines of government.
Ø These are organized institutions.	Ø Mostly unorganized institutions.
Ø There will be a job security for the workers.	Ø There will not be a job security for the workers.
Ø Ex: NLC (Neyveli Lignite Corporation)	Ø Ex: Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited.

 

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chapter 3. Money and credit

1. Barter system or What is double co incidence of wants? Or Barter system

Ø Goods àGoods

Ø Exchange of goods without using money.

Ø Ex: The shoe manufacturer had to directly exchange shoes for wheat without the use of money.

Ø Drawback:  The exchange is only possible when shoe producer finds the wheat producer and at the same time wheat producer in the need of shoe.

2. How money avoids the double co incidence of wants?

Ø GoodsàMoneyàGoods

Ø Goods will be sold for money and through the money earned from the commodity will used to purchase the goods what a person wants.

Ø Ex: The shoe manufacture sells the shoe for the money and he use the money to purchase the wheat.

3. Which organization is responsible for issuing of currency in India ?

Ø Reserve Bank of India is responsible for issuing of currency in India.

4. How banks favours the depositors?

Ø Banks giving interest for the depositors for their deposit.

Ø Banks gives protection to the money of the depositors.

5. What is demand deposit?

Ø The deposits in the bank can be withdrawn on demand, these deposit are called demand deposits.

6. What is cheque?

Ø A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.

7. Mechanism of bank or How banks earns profit?

Ø People deposit there surplus money in the banks. And banks give interest to that deposit.

Ø Banks gives the deposits to the barrower in the form of loan and charges higher rate of interest than what they offer to the deposit.

Ø The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors is the main source of income to the bank.

8. How much money banks can hold as cash in India?

Ø Banks in India can hold 15% of the deposit as cash.

9. What is credit?

Ø Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or service in return for the promise of future payment.

10. How credits play a positive role? Or How credits promote the earning of a people?

Ø Ex: Salim has received an order for making 3000 pairs of shoes.

Ø Now he needs money for the purchase of labour and raw material.

Ø He took leather in credit from leather supplier.

Ø He obtains advance payment from the trader who placed the order.

Ø He manufactured the 3000 pairs of shoes and repaid the credit to the leather supplier and trader.

Ø He also earned good profit.

11. How credits affect the people? Or How credits pushes a person into debt trap?

Ø Ex: Swapna a farmer having 3 acres of land.

Ø She takes loan from the money lender to purchase the pesticide who charges high interest.

Ø But her crop fails due to poor season.

Ø Now she unable to repay the loan. So the debt increased very shortly.

Ø She sold the part of the land and repaid the loan

Ø Credits pushes a person into a debit trap when risk is more like agriculture and also in taking loan for a high interest from a money lender.

12.What is terms of credit?

Ø Interest rate, collateral, mode of repayment and time period.

 13.What is collateral?

Ø Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestock and deposits with bank) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.

14.Differentiate formal source of credit and informal source of credit.

	Formal source of credit	Informal source of credit
1.	Availing loan from banks and co operatives.	Money lenders, traders, relatives, friends and others.
2.	Service is the aim.	Profit is the aim.
3.	Charges less interest	Charges very high rate of interest
4.	Reserve Bank of India monitors these organizations.	No monitoring agency involved in this process.

 

15.How informal lender affect the people?

Ø Charges high rate of interest.

Ø Larger part of the earning will go in the repayment of the credit.

Ø Some time the amount of repayment may go higher than the income of the borrower.

16. How source of credit differ from the economic status of the people?

	Class	Formal source	Informal source
1.	Poor	15%	85%
2.	House hold with few asset	47%	53%
3.	Well off household	72%	28%
4.	Rich household	90%	10%

 

Ø Poor people hesitate to go to banks for the credit because of the formalities, need of collateral. They are able to get the loan from a private moneylender easily.

Ø Ignorance is also one of the reasons for more credit from informal source.

Ø Sources of credit as per Rural household in India 2012

 Commercial banks= 25%, cooperative Banks =25%, money lender =     

  33%, friends and relatives=8%

17. How Self Help Group (SHG) works?

Ø 15-20 neighbourhood can join together form SHG.

Ø The groups meet regularly and save the money, which varies from Rs.25 to Rs.100.

Ø Member can take small loans from the group.

Ø After two years is the group is regular in saving they are eligible for availing loan from the bank.

Ø Members can utilize that loan for a productive purpose.

18. Advantages of SHG

Ø Poor people will get the loan easily

Ø Money lender can be avoided.

Ø Problem of lack of collateral can be avoided.

Ø Rural women to become financially self – reliant.

Ø Through the meeting social awareness will increase.

19. Grameen banks

Ø Grameen banks are founded by the Dr.Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh.

Ø It was started in 1970.

Ø Now 2014 it has 8.63 million borrowers and spread around 81,390 villages of Bangladesh.

Ø Almost all the borrowers are women and belong to poorest sections of the society.

Ø They believe that if loans are available for lot of small people with appropriate conditions, biggest development of wonder is possible.

20. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary?

Ø RBI monitors the cash balance of the banks.

Ø RBI fixes the interest ratio to all banks.

Ø RBI fixes the Cash Reserve Ratio.

Ø All the banks have to submit the reports regularly.

Ø Due the monitoring of the RBI the real purpose of banks can be achieved.

Ø The banks cannot in exploitative process. The banks cannot charge very high rate of interest and in humanistic conditions for credit. 

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 Economics – Chapter 4.Globalisation and Indian Economy

 1. Multi National Corporations

Ø MNC is a company that controls production in more than one nation.

Ø MNC’s set up office and factories for production in regions where land, labour, raw material are available cheaply.

Ø Due to large scale production MNC can reduce the production cost and sell at cheap price.

2. How a multinational company earns more profit?

Ø MNC’s not only selling the goods globally but also produce the goods globally.

Ø Production process is divided into small parts and spread out across the globe.

Ø Ex: China provides cheap manufacturing location

Ø Mexico and Easter Europe are useful for their closeness to the market of U.S.A and Europe.

Ø India has skilled engineers and also large English speaking population provides the customer care services.

Ø So MNC’s can cut the cost up to 50 – 60 percent.

3. What is investment?

Ø The money spends to buy the factors of production like land, building, machines and equipment and labour are called investment.

4. How local company will be promoted by a MNC or How MNC’s enter into the country?

Ø MNC’s provide money for additional investment to local small scale company.

Ø MNC’s might bring the latest technology for production.

Ø Sometime MNC’s buys the local companies and then expand the production.

Ø Ex 1:Cargil foods bought small companies like Parakh foods which had large marketing network and also four oil refineries, now the control shifted to Cargill.

Ø Cargill is the largest producer of edible oil in India.

Ø Ex:2 Ford Motors came to India in1995 and tie up Mahindra and Mahindra a jeep and truck manufacturing company in India. Invested 1700 crore, setup a large plant at Chennai.

Ø By 2014 Ford produced 77,000 car in India, another 77,000 cars are exported to South Africa, Mexico and Brazil.

5. What is the basic function of foreign trade?

Ø New market for the products

Ø More choice for the consumer.

Ø Producer can sell the goods not only in local market but also he is now exposed to international market.

Ø Producers in the two countries now closely compete against each other even though they are separated by thousands of miles.

Ø It is increasing the job opportunities.

6. Merits of Globalization or advantages of Globalization.

Ø Increase of foreign investment and foreign exchange.

Ø Flow of technology globally.

Ø Movement of labour, capital, raw material and technology.

Ø Integration of markets

Ø Countries are connected through the trade

Ø Advancement of one part of the world will be shared to other part.

7.Using of Information Technology in globalization

Ø Ex: A news magazine published in London readers is designed in Delhi office.

Ø Delhi office get the information from the internet and designing work is done on a computer.

Ø After printing, the magazines are sent by air or London.

Ø The payments are made through e banking.

8.What is liberalization?

Ø Removing barriers or restriction set by the government is called liberalization.

Ø With liberalization of trade, businesses are allowed to make decisions  freely about the import and export.

Ø The government imposes much less restriction over the tax and term and conditions of trade.

9.Trade barrier

Ø Tax on imports is an example of trade barrier.

Ø Governments can use trade barriers to increase or decrease the flow of a goods.

Ø Government decide what kind of goods and how much of each should come into the country.

Ø Before 1991 there was more restriction over the imports in India. Only the essential items like fertilizers and petroleum was imported a lot other goods were restricted much to control the outflow of foreign exchange.

Ø During 1991 India accepted the Globalisation, Liberalisation and Privatization so the trade barriers are lifted. And Indian market was very much opened to the international trade.

10. Impact of globalization in India

Positive impacts

Ø Greater competition for Indian producers.

Ø Quality of goods improved and now they available at low cost.

Ø Local companies are selling raw material to the foreign companies and earn lot of profit.

Ø Top Indian companies have been able to get benefit from the increased completion.

Ø Along with foreign investment lot of newer technology also reached our country.

Ø Globalization has increased job opportunities.

Ø Companies like Tata motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy, Asian paints and Sundaram fasteners has emerged as multinational companies.

Negative impacts

Ø Many local small scale manufacturers lost their opportunities.

Ø Many Indian products could not meet the challenge of foreign goods.

Ø Due to the closing of small scale industries many went for the lower income jobs.

Ø More exploitation of labour in the name labour flexibility.

11.Why foreign investors attracted towards India?

Ø Special Economic Zones has been setup with world class facilities like electricity, Water, Roads, Transport, Storage, recreational and educational facilities.

Ø Production units in SPZ do not have to pay taxes for an intial period of five years.

Ø Government has also allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract the foreign investors.

Ø Now there is labour problems like intense pressure of work and low salary etc.,

12. Struggle for a fair globalization

Ø People with education, skill and wealth have made the best use of the new opportunities. On the other hand there are many people who have not shared the benefits.

Ø Fair globalization would create opportunities for all, and also ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared better.

Ø Policies of the government must protect not only of the rich and the powerful, but all the people in the country.

Ø Labour laws should be implemented.

Ø If necessary, the government can use trade and investment barriers.  It can negotiate at the WTO for fairer rules.

13.Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment?

Ø Human resource of the developing country can be utilized.

Ø Developed countries can get raw material from the developing countries.

Ø Developed countries can utilize the cheap labour power of the developing countries.

Ø Developed countries can get big market for their products.

Ø Commodities can be produced at a cheaper cost due to the availability of the big market and cheap conditions.

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Economics – Chapter 5.Consumer Rights

1.How consumers are exploited in the market place?

Ø Shopkeepers can give the commodity weigh less that the fee charges.

Ø Possibility of giving adulterated goods.

Ø Giving sub standard goods.

Ø Giving defective goods.

2.How do producers give false claims?

Ø By giving exaggerated  information in media about their products.

Ø Ex : A milk powder selling company claimed that their powder is better than the mother’s milk, after a long struggle the company accepted.

Ø Cigarette manufacturing companies in earlier not accepted that their product could cause cancer.

3.Consumer movements

Ø In India consumer movements started with Rampanth food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil.

Ø Consumer organization formed in the 1960’s.

Ø Till the 1970’s consumer movement were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibition.

Ø 1985 united nations adopted the UN guidelines for consumer protection.

Ø Today consumer international has become an umbrella body of 240 organisations from 100 countries. 

Ø In 1986 Indian government has passed a act called Consumer Protection Act 1986 called COPRA.

4.Right to be informed

Ø Producer has the responsibility to give the information about the product like  batch no, Manufacturing date, Expiry date, compositions, quantity, MRP etc.,

5.Right to choose

Ø The shopkeeper should not compel us to purchase particular product.

Ø Ex:  Many times shopkeeper can tell that gas cylinder will be given when Gas stove is purchased.

6.Right to seek redreesal

Ø Consumer has the right to seek redreesal against the unfair trade practices and exploitation.

Ø Consumer can go to the Consumer councils, District Consumer court, state Consumer court, National Consumer court.

7.Right to represent:

Ø This act has enabled us as consumers to have the right to represent the consumer court.

8.ISI and Agmark

Ø These organizations are standard organizations ensure the quality of the product.

Ø These organizations develop quality standards for many products.

Ø It is not compulsory for the producers to follow standards.

Ø Risky products like LPG cylinders, food colours packaged drinking water and cement etc., it is mandatory.

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