History
Std :10 The
making of Global world R.Ayyappan
Unit – 1
1.Why people move from one place to
other place in the past?
Ø In ancient
times travelers, traders, priest and pilgrims travelled to other places.
Ø They
travelled for knowledge, wealth, opportunity and spiritual fulfillment.
Ø They
carried goods, money, values, ideas, inventions, even germs.
2. Silk routes
Ø Historians
identified silk routes over land and sea.
Ø This route
connects Asia, Europe and Northern Africa.
Ø This route
existed from Christian Era to fifteenth century.
Ø Along with
silk, Chinese Pottery also travelled in the same route.
Ø Textiles
and spices were exported to Europe and in return gold and silver flowed from
Europe to Asia.
3. Food travel
Ø Noodles
travelled from China and become spaghetti.
Ø Arab
traders took Pasta to Sicily of Italy.
Ø Foods like
Potatoes, Soya, Groundnuts, Maize,Tomatoes and Chillies were brought from
America to Europe by Columbus.
Ø Ireland’s
poorest peasants so depend on potato. When a disease destroyed the crops in the
mid 1840s, thousands of them died in starvation.
4. How Spanish use germs to colonise the Americas?
Ø European
conquest over America was not just a result of fire power.
Ø Spanish
sent the persons who infected with smallpox to America.
Ø America’s
original inhabitants had no immunity due to their long isolation.
Ø Before
reaching of Europeans, the smallpox decimated the whole of communities.
Ø Europeans easily
conquest the Americas.
5.Why Europeans moved out of Europe during the 19th century?
Ø Until 19th
century poverty and hunger were common in Europe.
Ø Cities were
crowded and deadly diseases were spread in Europe.
Ø Religious
conflicts were common.
Ø Dissenters
were persecuted. So people fled Europe to America.
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Unit - 2
6.Three types of flows
Ø Economist
identified three types of flows.
Ø Flow of Goods: Cloth or wheat traded between various
countries.
Ø Flow of Labour: Migration of people in search of
employment.
Ø Flow of Capital: Capital move for short –
term or long – term investment over long distances.
7.Corn Law
Ø Due to the
increase of population, there was increased demand for food grains in Britain.
Ø The food
grain prices went up in Europe due to short supply.
Ø Under the
pressure of landed group the government restricted the import of corn.
Ø This act of
restricting the import of Corn is called CORN LAW.
Ø Unhappy
with food prices, the industrialist and urban dwellers forced the abolition of
Ø CORN LAW.
Ø So the
government scrapped the Corn law.
Ø Now vast
areas of land left uncultivated in Britain.
Because of very less price of the imported grains.
Ø Britain started
to depend on imports of food grains.
8.Why Railways and Ports were
established?
Ø Lands were
cleared in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia to meet the demands of
Britain.
Ø Capital
flowed from London.
Ø Railways
were constructed to link the agriculture region with ports.
Ø Ports were
built to carry the grains and raw materials to Europe.
Ø Nearly 50
million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia.
Ø All over
the world 150 million people crossed oceans to better future.
9.How agricultural economy taken shape?
Ø Food no
longer comes from nearby village.
Ø But it came
from thousands of miles away.
Ø Earlier
grains supplied by the peasant tilling his own land but now from a agriculture labour
who travelled from Africa and Asia.
Ø A forest
was cleared for this purpose, railways were constructed and ports were
operating the shipping.
10.Canal colonies
Ø In west
Punjab the British Indian government build network of irrigation canals to
transform the semi desert into agricultural land.
Ø These
changes took place to cultivate wheat and cotton to satisfy the demand of
Britiain.
Ø The
peasants and labours settled near the canals for the work, so they are known as
Canal colonies.
11.How technology assisted the
global trade?
Ø Till 1870s
animals were shipped live from Americas to Europe.
Ø They
slaughtered in Europe.
Ø But live
animals took lot space in the ship.
Ø They fell
ill in voyage, and lost weight become unfit for to eat.
Ø So meat was
very expensive and luxury food in Europe.
Ø The high
prices kept this business down.
Ø After the
new technology namely refrigerated ships, changes took place in this industry.
Ø Now animals
were slaughtered in America and Australia and transported as frozen meat.
Ø It reduced
the shipping cost, and lowered the prices of meat.
Ø Now the
poor in Europe able to get the meat in his diet.
12.Why European powers met in
Berlin in 1885?
Ø European
powers met in Berlin to demarcate their boundaries of colonies between them.
Ø Britain and
France made vast additions.
Ø Belgium and
Germany became new colonial powers.
Ø US also
become a colonial power by taking up
some colonies of Spain by 1890.
13.What are the problems faced by
Europeans in Africa and how they tried to resolve?
Ø Europeans
faced the challenge of labour.
Ø Africa is
rich in land and cattle wealth.
Ø Very rarely
they work for wages.
Ø They not
turned to mines and plantations owned by the Europeans.
Ø So they
used many methods to recruit labour.
Ø Heavy taxes
were imposed, they can pay only if they work in mines or plantations.
Ø Inheritance
laws were changed so that only one member in the family was allowed to inherit
the land. Others were pushed into labour market.
14.How Rinderpest or Cattle plague
helped Europeans to colonise Africa ?
Ø Rinderpest
arrived in Africa in 1880.
Ø It was
carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian
soldiers invading the Eritrea in Eastern Europe.
Ø It spread
like a forest fire.
Ø The
Rinderpest reached the Atlantic coast by 1890 and reached the Cape (Southern
tip) next five years.
Ø It killed
90% cattle wealth of Africa.
Ø The loss of
cattle destroyed the African livelihood.
15. Indentured Labour Migration from India.
Ø In the 19th
century thousands of Indian and Chinese labour went to work on plantations,
mines and railway constructions all over the world.
Ø In India
indentured labour were hired under contracts for five years.
Ø Workers
came from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and Dry districts of Tamil nadu.
Ø Cottage
industries declined, lands rents rose, and lands were cleared for mines and
plantations.
Ø All
affected the lives of people. So they forced to migrate in search of work.
Ø Indian
indentured migrants mostly went to caribbean islands, Mauritius, Fiji, Ceylon
and Malaya.
Ø Recruitment
was done by agents.
Ø Agents
provided false information to the migrants on place of work, nature of work,
and the working conditions.
Ø Some time
less willingness migrants were abducted by the agents for commission.
Ø They
conditions were worst in their work place.
Ø They had
few legal rights so indentured labour system was described as a NEW SYSTEM OF SLAVERY.
16. Blending of different culture.
Ø The
indentured workers found new ways to surviving.
Ø Those who
try to escape they were punished severely.
Ø Others
developed new forms of self expression, blending different culture.
Ø In Trinidad
annual Muharram procession was transformed into a carnival called HOSAY in
which all workers of different religion joined.
Ø The protest
religion of RASTAFARIANISM is also showed the cultural links of Indian
migrants.
Ø CHUTNEY
music popular in Trinidad and Guyana.
Ø Most of the
indentured workers stayed on after their contracts ended.
Ø Still we
can find large number of Indian decent in Caribbean islands.
Ø Nobal price
winning writer V.S.Naipaul, cricketers like Shivnarine Chanderpaul and
Ramneresh Sarwan.
Ø In
Caribbean islands Indian decent were called as COOLIES, remained as minority
stated in the novels of V.S.Naipaul.
Ø Due to the pressure of the nationalist
groups indentured labour system was
abolished in 1921 through a act.
17. Indian Entrepreneurs abroad.
Ø Shikaripuri
shroffs and Nattukottai chettiars were the successful communities who financed
their funds for the export of agriculture.
Ø They had a
system to transfer the money over large distances and financed central and
southeast Asia.
Ø Hyderabadi
Sindhi traders established emporia in ports during 1860s.
Ø They are the money lenders ventured beyond the
European colonies.
18.Why Indian cotton began to decline? How do Britain had TRADE SURPLUS
with India?
Ø British
industrialist pressurized the government to restrict the cotton imports from
India.
Ø Tariffs
were imposed on the imports into Britain.
Ø So the
inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline.
Ø Indian
textiles faced stiff competition from other international markets also.
Ø Indian
share of cotton textile declined from 30% (1800) to 15% (1815).
Ø By 1870 it
dropped to 3%.
Ø At the same
time raw cotton exports rose from 5% to 35%.
Ø During the
19th century British manufactures flooded the Indian market.
Ø The VALUE OF BRITISH EXPORTS TO INDIA WERE
HIGHER THAN THE VALUE OF BRITISH IMPORTS FROM
INDIA.
Ø Thus
Britain had trade surplus with India.
Ø Britain
surplus in India also helped pay the so called “home charges” that included remittances
home by British officials, traders and pensions of British officials in India.
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Unit – 3
19. The First World War was a war like no other. Or The modern industrial
war Or how First world war affected the people Or impacts of First World War.
Ø Machine
guns, Tanks, Aircrafts and Chemical weapons were used in this war on a massive
scale.
Ø All these
were the products of modern large scale industries.
Ø Millions of
soldiers were recruited to fight the war.
Ø 9 million
people died and 20 million people injured.
Ø Most of the
killed and maimed were men of working age.
Ø These death
and injuries reduced the able- bodied workforce in Europe.
Ø House hold
income has declined after the war.
Ø As men went
to battle, women stepped into jobs.
Ø Britain
borrowed large sums of money from US banks and Public.
Ø Thus this
war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international
creditor.
Ø At the end
of the war, the US owned more
overseas assets.
21.Post war Recovery.
Ø Post war
economic recovery was proved difficult.
Ø Britain was
leading the world economy in the pre- war period, but they found difficult to
recapture the earlier position in economy and market.
Ø Industries
had developed in India and Japan.
Ø Britain
liberally borrowed from the US.
Ø At the end
of the war Britain burdened with huge external debts.
Ø War time
boom on production and employment came an end.
Ø Production
contracted and unemployment increased.
Ø By 1921 one
out five British workers out of the work.
Ø Agriculture
economies were also in crisis.
Ø Eastern
Europe was the largest supplier of Wheat in the world market.
Ø This was
disrupted during the war.
Ø Wheat
production in Canada, America and Australia expanded drastically.
Ø The supply
the wheat increased into the world market, so prices fell, incomes declined and
farmers fell deeper into debt.
REMAINING LESSON UNDER PREPARATION
