1.Resources and Development

Geography

                                      Chapter 1.Resources and Development           R.Ayyappan

 1.Resources                                           

Ø The materials which satisfy our needs are called resources.

Ø Resources are technically accessible. Economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

Ø Human interacts with nature through technology and convert the materials into resources.

2.classification of resources on the basis of Origin

S.No	Biotic	Abiotic
1	Obtainted from Biosphere and have life	All the Non-living things
2	Ex: Human being, Flora and Fauna	Ex: Rocks and Fossils

3.Classification of resources on the basis of Exhaustibility

S.No	Renewable	Non-Renewable
1.	These resources can be renewed.	These resources  cannot be renewed
2.	They are replenishable	These take millions of years to form
3.	These will not decrease with utilisation	These will decrease with utilization.
4.	Ex: Solar, Wind and Water	Ex: Fossile Fuels

4.Classification of resources on the basis of Ownership

S.No	Individual resources	Community resources
1.	Only one person have the ownership	All the members of the community have the ownership.
2.	Rural: Farmers have land and pay tax to government	Village: Ponds, grazing ground and Burial grounds
3	Urban: People own houses and other property	Urban:Public park, Picnic spots and Play ground

S.No	National Resources	International Resources
1.	All the resources within the boundary of the country	No country has the ownership of this resources.
2.	Ex:Forest, Wild life, Minerals and Rivers	Ex:The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles.
3	The oceanic resources of 12 nautical miles from the coast.	The Exclusive Economic Zone.

5.Classificaiton of resources on the basis of Status of Development

Potential Resources:

Ø The resources which has not been utilized properly

Ø Ex:.Solar and Wind energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Developed resources:

Ø The resources which are surveyed and utilized.

Ø Ex: Oil extraction in Mumbai High.

Stock Resources:

Ø Materials in the environment have the potential to satisfy the needs.

Ø But human do not have proper technology to access.

Ø Ex:Water consist of Hydrogen and Oxygen but we don’t know how to use as a energy.

Reserve Resources:

Ø These resources are reserved for future utilization.

Ø Ex: Water stored in the dam and forest can be used in future  

6.Major problems led by the development of resources

Ø Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of individuals

Ø Accumulation of resources divide the society into Rich and Poor.

Ø Exploitation of resources led to Global warming and Ozone layer depletion.

7.What is Resource planning and why do we need resource planning

Ø Judicious use of resources is called resource planning.

Ø All regions are rich in certain resources and poor in other.

Ø Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh is rich in minerals

Ø Gujarat and   Rajasthan rich in solar and wind energy but lacks in water

Ø Arunachal rich in water and lacks in infrastructure

Ø For resource planning is needed in national, regional and local levels.

8.There are regions rich in resources but lacks in economic development why?

Ø The countries under colonization face this problem

Ø Due to the foreign rule they have not developed the institutions of higher education and research institutes

Ø Without human resource development economic development is not possible

9.Conservation of resources

Ø Irrational or over utilization leads to environmental and socio  - economic issus

Ø Most of the resources are non renewable in nature.

Ø They take long time for the formation

Ø We cannot avoid pollution while utilizing the resources.

10.International attempts to conserve resources.

Ø In 1968 Club of Rome advocated the conservation of resources.

Ø In 1974 Schumacher published a book “Small is Beautiful” based on Gandhian thoughts.

Ø In 1987 Brundtland commission introduced the concept of “Sustainable Development”.

Ø Sustainable development: Development without damaging the environment.

Ø And published  a book “Our Common Future”.

Ø In 1992 The First Earth Summit meets at Rio de Janeiro at Brazil.

Ø The leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biodiversity.

Ø Agenda 21: To Combat or overcome the environmental damage, poverty and disease through the global co-operation.

Ø According to agenda 21, every nation has to laws to protect their resources. 

11.Land Resources and land use in India

Ø Mountains =30%, Plateaus=27% and Plains =43% in India

Different uses of land in India

S.No	Land utilization
1.	Forest
2.	Land not available for agriculture:a.Barren and waste land, b.Land under non- agricultural use road, factories etc
3.	Other uncultivated land:a Permanent pasture b.Tree groves c.Culturable waste land ( land uncultivated for more than 5 years
4.	Fallow land: a.Current fallow(uncultivated less than one year) b. other than current fallow land( uncultivated between 1 to 5 years)
5.	Net sown area: Area sown in a agriculture year Gross cropped area: area sown more than once and net sown area

12.Land use changes in India

S.No	Land use 1960 -61	Percentage	Land use 2008-09 percentage	Changes observed
1.	Forest	18.11	22.78	Increased. But still it is less than 1952 forest policy of India (33.3%)
2.	Barren land	12.01	8.61	Decreased. Uttlised for other purpose.
3.	Grazing land	4.71	3.38	Decreased. Not a good trend. It increase the soil erosion.
4.	Culturable waste land	6.23	4.00	Decrease. Good trend, the waste land has been utilized.

13.Land degradation

Ø In Indian 130 million hectare land degraded.

Ø Water eroded area is 56%, forest degraded area 28%, salinity 6% and wind erosion 10%

Regions affected by land degradation	Reasons
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odissa	mining
Gujarat, Rajasthan, M.P and maharashtra	Over grazing
Punjab and Haryana	Over irrigation due to water logging
Cement industries, ceramic industries and industrial effluents are also responsible for land degradation in different part of the country.

14.Soils of India

a.Alluvial Soil

Ø Origin: Deposition of rivers

Ø Distribution: Northern plains, East coastal Plains

Ø Characters: Sandy to clayey, Rich in Potash, lime, Phosphoric Acid, Poor in Nitrogen.

Bhangar –Old soil- Less in fertility. Khadar-New alluvial – Fertile       

Ø Suitable crops: Paddy, Jute and Wheat.

B.Black Soil or Regur soil or Black Cotton soil

Ø Origin: weathering of Basalt rock.

Ø Distribution: Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh.

Ø Characters: clayey, Sticky when it is wet and create wide cracks when it is dry. Rich in Potash,   

§  lime,  Magnesium Poor in Phosphoric Acid.    

Ø Suitable crops: Cotton, Sugarcane

c.Laterite soil

Ø Origin: Formed due to Leaching and High temperature and Heavy rainfall.

Ø Distribution: Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Kerala. Red laterite found in Andhra Pradesh.

Ø Characters: Suitable for cultivation along with manures and fertilizers       

Ø Suitable crops: Tea, Coffee and Cashew nut.

15.Soil erosion

Ø Removal of top layer of the soil is called soil erosion.

Ø Gully erosion: The running water erodes the soil by cutting into narrow channels.

Ø Sheet erosion: water erodes large areas of soil.

Ø Bad land: when land becomes unfit for cultivation.

16. Conservation of Land and Soil resources

Ø Countour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines. It decelerate the flow of water.

Ø Strip cropping: alternative strips of grass and crops cultivation.

Ø Shelter belt: strips of crops and Trees to check the soil erosion.

Ø Terrace forming: Cutting the slope into steps and practicing the farming.

Ø Stabilisation of Sand dunes: growing thorny bushes to stabilize the sand dunes.

Ø Afforestation: Growing trees to check the soil erosion.

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