History grade 10 study material

HISTORY

                                                     NATIONALISM IN INDIA                                  R.Ayyappan

1) How Nationalism started India?

Ø The modern nationalism in India and other colonies is closely connected with ant colonial movement.

Ø People began discovering their unity in the process of struggle with colonialism.

Ø Colonialism tied different social groups together.

Ø The congress under Gandhi united three groups together within one movement.

2)How First World War influenced India?

Ø First World War led huge increase in defense Expenditure.

Ø Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.

Ø During the war year prices were doubled.

Ø Forced recruitment in rural areas caused anger.

Ø 1918 and1919-1920 and 1921 crop has been failed in India resulted shortage of food.

Ø 1921 nearly 12 to 13 million people perished.

Ø As a result of Famine and epidemic.

3) Sathyagraha

Ø It is a novel method of mass agitation

Ø Sathyagrahaemphasizes the power of truth and need to search for truth

Ø If the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice then physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressive.

Ø Without being aggressive a Sathyagraha could win the battle by nonviolence.

Ø Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

4.Earlier struggles of Gandhiji

Ø 1916 – Champaran in Bihar - peasants were pressurized to cultivate indigo.

Ø 1917 – Kheda in Gujarat – crops affected due to drought - decrease tax

Ø 1918 – Ahmedabad – Cotton mill workers

5) What is RowlatAct?

Ø Imperial legislative council passed Rowlett Act in 1919 against the will of people

Ø This act gave enormous powers to the Government to repress political activities

Ø This act allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years

Ø Gandhi and congress started civil disobedience against this law

6) JallianwalaBagh Massacre

Ø April 10 police of Amritsar fired on a peace peaceful procession

Ø Martial Law was imposed by General Dyre

Ø On 13^th April large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of JallianWalabagh for peaceful protest and to attend annual Baisaki fair

Ø Many villagers were unaware of Martial law

Ø General Dyre entered the ground and blocked the exit point  and opened fire on the ground 100^th of them were killed

Ø Later he declared that his object to produce a morel fear in the minds of sathyagrahys

7) Khilafat movement

Ø The first world war had ended with the defeat of Ottoman turkey OttomanEmperor, is the spiritual head (Khalifa) of Islamic world

Ø British imposed harsh peace treaty over Turkey

Ø Khilafat was formed in Bombay Mach 1919 to protect the powers of Khalifa

Ø In India Khilafat was started by Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhi saw this is an opportunity to unite Muslims and Hindus. So congress supported Khilafat

8.Hindu Swaraj – 1909 (book-by Gandhiji)

Ø British raj is not possible without the support of Indians.  If Indians refused to co-operate British rule in India would collapse within a year

UNIT 2

9.Noncooperation in Towns, Stages of Non cooperation

Ø Surrendered of title that the government had given.

Ø Boycott of civil services, police, and court and Legislative services.

Ø Boycott of foreign goods.

Ø In 1920 Gandhi and Ali brother mobilized this movement

Ø Middle class participation was high

Ø Student left Government schools and Colleges

Ø Teacher resigned from Government school and college

Ø Lawyers gave up their Profession

Ø The council elections were boycotted in most of the places of India exceptMadras, because of the justice Party of Non Brahmins.

Ø Justice party thought that the council election is the only way to gain some Power which was in the hands of Brahmans.

10. Effect of Noncooperation.

Ø Foreign goods were boycotted

Ø Liquor shops were picketed

Ø Foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires

Ø Import of foreign goods went to half in 1921 and 1922 from 107 crore to 57 crore

Ø Merchant and Traders refused for foreign trade

Ø Indian textile and handloom went up

11. Slowdown of the movement

Ø Kadhi cloth was expensive than mill product

Ø Poor people cannot offered to buy it

Ø Set upping of alternative Indian institution is very slow

Ø Student and teachers went back to schools

Ø lawyers go back to their profession

12. Noncooperation in country sideAwadh ,Gudem Hills and Tea plantations)

i) Awadh

Ø Peasants of Awadh was led by Sanyasi Baha ramachandra

Ø This movement was to oppose Talukdars and Land Lords

Ø Land Lords  demand high rent and forced the peasants to do beggar

Ø The peasants movement demanded reduction of rent  and Abolition of beggar

Ø In many places NaiDobi bandh were organized (Nai-Barber  Dobi-Washerman bandh)

Ø In 1920 Jawaharlal Nehru visited Awadh and organizedAwadhKisanSabah (headed by Baba ramachandra and Nehru)

Ø Within a month 300 branches were setup

Ø In 1921 houses of talukdars were attacked bazaars were looted, thepeasant movement turned in to path of Violence. So congress was unhappy with AwadhKisanSabah

Ø In many places local leaders used the name of Gandhi for not paying Tax

Ii) Gudrm Hills

Ø The militant guerrilla movement was spread in Gudam hills of Andrapradesh in 1920

Ø The reason for this movement is British Government closed the forest areas and prohibited movement of people in the forest for collecting  fuel wood ,fruit ,and to graze cattle

Ø Tribes felt their traditional right were  denied

Ø Allure sita ram raju claimed that he have variety of special powers

Ø He could heal people and survive  even after getting bullet shot and could make astrological predictions

Ø Raju was inspired by Gandhi  and non-cooperation movement

Ø Raju asked people  to wear  khadi and leave liquor drinking

Ø Raju believed that India could be liberated only by the use of force

Ø The Gudam rebel attacked the police station and tried to kill British official

Ø Raju was captured and executed in British court

3) Swaraj in tea plantation of Assam?

Ø Under the Inland emigration act of 1859  the workers of plantation were not allowed to move out from it

Ø Worker in tea plantation thought that Swarajmeans the right to move freely

Ø They believed that Gandhi raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own village

Ø So workers left the plantation, before reaching their home,  they were caught by police and brutally beaten up

13.Whynon-cooperation movement was withdrawn by Gandhi?

Ø In 1922 the movement turn violent in many places

Ø At Chauri chuara in Gorakhpur of Uttar pradesh, satyagrahies fired the police station

Ø So Gandhi withdraw the non-cooperation movement

UNIT 3

14. Why swaraj party was formed?

Ø C.R.Das and Mohilal Nehru formed the congress party to argue for a return to council politics

Ø But younger like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressured for more radicals mass agitation and for full independence

15. Why congress opposed Simon COMMISSON?

Ø The government of Britain set up a statutory commission under sir john Simon to look into function of constitutional system in India and to suggest to Britain .

Ø This committee did not have single Indian member  .When Simon commission arrived India in 1928 it was greeted with a slogan ‘go back Simon

16. Purna swaraj

Ø In Lahore congress session <Dec 1929> under the presidency of Nehru formalized the demand ofPurna Swaraj.

Ø Lahore congress passed the resolution of Purna Swaraj or complete independence.

Ø 26 Jan 1930 was declared as an independence day

Ø It was decided to take pledge to struggle for  complete independence

17. Salt March or Civil Disobedience Movement 

Ø On 31 JAN 1930 Gandhi sent a letter to viceroy Irwin stating 11 demands

Ø The demand were wide –ranging from Industrialist to peasant

Ø The most important, of all one was to abolish salt tax. and government monopoly for production

Ø Irwin was unwilling  to negotiate

Ø So Gandhi started famous sail march  with 78 trusted followers from Sabarmati in Gujarat to dandy

Ø They walk for 24 days covering 240miles and reached on 26 April  6Gandhi violated the salt law and broke the Salt Law.

18. Events in civil Disobedience  movement

Ø In different parts of the country people broke the salt law and manufacture in front of the Government salt factories

Ø Foreign cloths were boycotted

Ø Liquor shops were picketed

Ø Peasents refused to pay chaukidari taxes

Ø Forest people entered in to reserved forest to collect wood and graze cattle

19. Why Gandhi called off Civil Disobedience movement

Ø Abdul Gaffer Khan was arrested.

Ø So the supporters involved in protest ,police fired on his supporters and many were killed

Ø A month later Gandhi was arrested. Industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police post, municipal building, and court and railway stations. Government responded brutally woman and children were beaten.

Ø More than one lakh people were arrested.So Gandhi called off the movement.

20. Gandhi and Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931

Ø Gandhi not participated in First Round Table conference.

Ø Irwin forced Gandhi to participate in Second Round Table Conference.

Ø Gandhi accepted to participate in second round table conferences in London and the Government agreed to release the political prisoners.

Ø Gandhi returned with disappointment when he came to India.

Ø Jhaffer Khan and Nehru were in jail and congress declared illegal.

Ø So Gandhi restarted civil disobedient movement.

21. How participant saw the movement.

i) Rich peasants

Ø Patidars of Gujarat and jats of Uttar Pradesh were very hardly hitted by the trade depression and falling price .Their cash income disappeared.

Ø Government refused to reduce the taxes.so Rich peasants supported civil disobedient movement.

Ø For them fight for Swaraj was struggle against high revenue.

Ø They were disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without reducing the revenue poor peasants or small farmers. A lords charged high rent from small farmer.

II) Poor peasants

Ø Due to depression small farmers found it difficult to pay their rent.They wanted unpaid rent to landlords.

Ø They joined in socialist and communist movement.

Ø Congress was unwilling to support no rent campaign.

22. Gandhi and Dalit’s

Ø For a longtime congress ignored the Dalit’s.

Ø Gandhi declared Swarajwould not come for hundreds years if untouchability was not eliminated from India.

Ø He called untouchables as Harijan(children of God)

Ø He organizedSathyagraha to secure them enter in to temple and uses to public well,tanks, roads and schools.

Ø He cleaned the toilet to dignify the job of the Bhangi.

       23.Puna Act 1932

Ø At second round table conference Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for Dalit’s

Ø British Government accepted this demand

Ø Gandhibelieved that separate electorates for Dalit’s would slowdown the process of integration of society.

Ø So Gandhi began a fast up to death opposing separate electorates.

Ø FinallyAmbedkar accepted the Gandhi idea of reserved seat in council and entered in to a Puna pact of September 1932

24.How Hindu-Muslim relationship worsened?

Ø Mid 1920 Congress was very close to Hindu Mahasabha (religious group)

Ø Both communities organized the processions to prove their strength.

Ø It led to communal clashes and riots.

Ø Mohammed Ali Jinnah demanded reserved constituencies in Central Assembly.

Ø In all party meeting in 1928, Mr. Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposite the demand.

Ø It worsened the Hindu – Muslim relationship.

Unit 4

25.The sense of Collective Belonging

Bharatmata image:

Ø The Bharatmata image was first created by BankimChandr Chattopadhyay.

Ø He wrote Vandematharam and included in his novel Anandamath.

Ø Abanindranath Tagore painted the image of Bharathmatha.

Ø She was calm, composed, divine and spiritual.

Folk:

Ø Rabindranath Tagore collected the ballads, nursery rhymes and myths.

Ø Natesa Sastri published  a massive four volume collection of Tamil Folk Tales, “The Folklore of South India”.

Flag:

Ø During the swadeshi movement the tricolor flag (Red,Green and Yellow) was designed.

Ø It had eight lotuses representing the eight provinces of British India and Crescent moon.

Ø In 1921 Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was tricolor (Red, Green and White) and had a spinning wheel, representing the self-help.

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Print Culture and the Modern World

Unit 1                                                                                                                             R.Ayyappan

1.Printing in China Or The first Printed Books

Ø AD 594 onwards books in china were printed by rubbing paper – against the inked surface of woodblocks.

Ø The traditional Chinese “Accordian books” was folded and stitched at the side.

Ø The Chinese government recruited the employees through the civil service examinations.

Ø So the demand for the books increased in the country.

Ø During the 17^th century print was not only used by scholar officials but also been used by merchants and ordinary people.

Ø Fictional stories, Poetry, Autobiographies, anthologies were published.

Ø Rich women began to read and publishing their writings.

Ø Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture.

2.Print in Japan

Ø Buddhist monks of China, introduced the print to Japan around AD768 -770.

Ø The oldest Japanese book, “The Diamond Sutra” with six pages was printed.

Ø Pictures were printed on Textiles, Playing cards and Paper money.

Ø Edo (Tokyo) became the hub of the print.

Ø Painting  depicted an elegant urban culture.

Ø Libraries and bookstores were packed with various types of books on women, Music, calculations, tea ceremony, flower arrangement etc.,

Unit 2

3.Print comes to Europe

Ø In 1295, Marco Polo a great explorer, took the woodblock printing to Italy.

Ø Producing books with woodblock spread from Italy to other parts of Europe.

Ø Cheap editions were published for students.

Ø Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive Vellum.

Ø The demand for the books increased in Europe.

Ø More than 50 Scribes often worked for one bookseller.

Ø Woodblock printing became more popular in Europe.

Ø Woodblock were being widely used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards and religious pictures.

Ø There was a great need for even quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts.

4.Demerits of Manuscripts

Ø Handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for book.

Ø Copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business.

Ø Manuscripts were fragile, and awkward to handle.

5.Johann Gutenberg and Printing Press

Ø Gutenberg was the son of a merchant and grew up in agriculture estate in German.

Ø He had seen Olive Press from the childhood and he was a master of gold smith.

Ø He created mould of alphabets and olive press provided the model for the printing press.

Ø By 1448 Gutenberg perfected the system.

Ø The first book published was the BIBLE. 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them.

Ø By the standards of the time this was fast production.

Ø The printed books were closely resembled the written manuscripts. Borders were illuminated with foliage and other patterns.

Ø Printers from Germany travelled to other country seeking work and helping start new press.

Ø By 15^th century 20 million books flooded in the markets of Europe. By 16^th century it was 200 million copies.

Unit 3

5.New Reading public

Ø Printing reduced the cost of books.

Ø The time and labour required to produce the book came down, and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease.

Ø Access to books created a new culture of reading.

Ø Earlier, reading restricted to the elite. Common people lived in a world of oral culture.

Ø People heard sacred text read out, Ballads recited.

Ø New books reach out wider sections of people.

Ø Hearing public became a reading public.

6.Religious Debates and the Fear of Print. (or) “Not Everyone welcomed the Printed books.”

Ø Religious authorities and Monarchs were feared of printed books.

Ø They feared that if there is no control over what was printed and read, than rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread.

Ø If that happened the authority of “Valuable literature” would be destroyed.

Ø In 1517 the religious Reformer Martin Luther King wrote 95 Theses criticizing the practices and rituals of Roman Catholic Church.

Ø A printed copy was posted in the church doors of Wittenberg.

Ø Martin Luther writings were reproduced and spread very fast.

Ø The New Testament sold 5000 copies in three months.

Ø Finally it leads to new division of Protestant.

Ø Luther said “Printing was the ultimate gift of god and greatest one.”

7.Print and Dissent

Ø Menocchio a miller in Italy, reinterpreted the Bible and formulated a view of God and creation.

Ø It enraged the Roman Catholic Church.

Ø When Roman Catholic Church began its inquisition to repress heretical ideas, Menocchio was executed.

Ø Roman Catholic Church, imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers.

Ø Church began to maintain Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.

Unit 4

8.The Reading Mania

Ø During 17^th and 18^th century, Churches set up schools in villages.

Ø Literacy rates were as high as 60 to 80 percent in Europe.

Ø Due to increase in schools there was increased demand of books in Europe.

Ø Booksellers employed PEDLARS who roamed around the village carrying the little books for sale.

Ø In England Penny Chap books were sold for one penny, so even poor could able to purchase the book.

Ø In France Biliotheque Bleue, were low priced books printed in poor quality paper, in four to six pages.

Ø Periodic press developed from early 18^th century in Europe, published current affairs with entertainment.

Ø Scientist like Isaac Newton began to publish discoveries, influence scientifically minded readers.

Ø The writings of Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were also widely printed and read.

9. “Tremble therefore, tyrants of the world”

Ø There was a common conviction that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment.

Ø Many believed that books could change the world.

Ø Books could liberate the society from despotism and tyranny.

Ø Louise-Sebastian Mercier a novelist said “The Printing Press is a most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.”

Ø In many of Mercier’s novel, the heroes are transformed by act of reading.

Ø Mercier proclaimed “Tremble therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer.”

10.Print Culture and the French Revolution

Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions in for a revolution.

Three types of arguments

Ø First: Print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers.

Ø There writings provided critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism.

Ø They demanded that everything be judged through the reason and rationality.

Ø They attacked the sacred authority of church and monarch.

Ø Those who read the writings of Voltaire and Rousseau they saw the world through the rational and critical.

Ø Second:Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.

Ø All values and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by the public.

Ø Third: The literature of 1780 mocked the royalty and criticized their morality.

Ø Cartoons and caricatures suggested that monarchy involved in sensual pleasures, while common people suffered immense hardship.

Unit 5 The 19^th Century- New Readers like Children, Women and Workers.

11.Press for Children

Ø A  children press devoted to literature for children alone was set up in France in 1857.

Ø They published old fairy tales and folk tales.

Ø The Grimm Brothers in German gathered folk tales from peasants and published their collection I 1812.

12.Print and women

Ø Women became readers as well as writers.

Ø They wrote about proper behavior of women and women as a powerful personality.

Ø Jane Austen, Bronte sisters, George Eliot were the famous novelist.

13.Print and workers

Ø Lending libraries in England helped the middle class people and workers.

Ø After the working day was shortened the workers find time to read.

Ø Some of them turned into writers and they wrote autobiographies.  

14.Innovation in Printing press

Ø By 19^th century Richard M.Hoe of New York had perfected the power driven cylindrical press.

Ø This was capable of printing 8000 sheets per hour.

Ø This press was particularly useful for printing news papers.

Ø In the late 19^th century the offset press was developed which could print up to six colours at a time.

Ø In the 1920 in England popular works were sold in cheap series, called Shilling Series. This books were cheap so that people could able to buy books during Great depression in 1930.

Unit 6 India and the world of Print

15.Demerits of Manuscripts.

Ø Manuscripts were expensive and fragile.

Ø Very difficult to handle.

Ø They could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles.

Ø Manuscripts were not used in everyday life.

Ø There was an Oral culture even in pre colonial schools of Bengal.

16.How Print came to India?

Ø Portuguese missionaries brought printing press to Goa.

Ø By 1674 about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and in Kanara Language.

Ø Catholic priests printed first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin.

Ø In 1713 First Malayalam book was printed.

Ø By 1710 Dutch Protestant missionaries has printed 32 Tamil texts.

17.Why Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey?

Ø In 1780 James Augustus Hickey published the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine.

Ø It described as a commercial paper open to all, but influenced by none.

Ø Hickey published lot of advertisement on import, export and even slaves trade.

Ø Hickey also published gossip about the company’s senior officials.

Ø It enraged the Governor – General Warren Hastings, so he persecuted Hickey.

Ø East Indian Company encouraged the publications which supported the company.

Ø Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to Rammohan Roy brought first weekly Bengal Gazette.

 Unit 7

Religious Reform and Public Debates

18.How print culture created debates and discussions in India.

Ø Debates  and Discussions took place over the matters like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolarity.

Ø Raja Rammohan Roy published his religious reforms in his magazine “SAMPTH KAUMUDI”(1821)

Ø Hindu orthodoxy published “SAMACHAR CHANDRIKA” oppose the opinions of Rammohan Roy.

Ø Persian newspapers like JAM – I – JAHAN NAMA and SHAMSUL AKBHAR were published in 1822.

Ø Gujarati newspaper BOMBAY SAMACHAR was also appeared.

Ø Muslims were feared that colonial rulers would encourage conversions which could spoil the religion.

Ø Ulama’s published the FATWA telling that how Muslims should conduct themselves in thousands of copies.

Ø RAMCHARITHA MANAS of Tulasidas was published from Calcutta in 1810.

Ø Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in vernacular languages.

Unit 8 New Forms of Publication.

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Std :10                                           The making of Global world                                 R.Ayyappan

Unit – 1

1.Why people move from one place to other place in the past?

Ø In ancient times travelers, traders, priest and pilgrims travelled to other places.

Ø They travelled for knowledge, wealth, opportunity and spiritual fulfillment.

Ø They carried goods, money, values, ideas, inventions, even germs.

2. Silk routes

Ø Historians identified silk routes over land and sea.

Ø This route connects Asia, Europe and Northern Africa.

Ø This route existed from Christian Era to fifteenth century.

Ø Along with silk, Chinese Pottery also travelled in the same route.

Ø Textiles and spices were exported to Europe and in return gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.

3. Food travel

Ø Noodles travelled from China and become spaghetti.

Ø Arab traders took Pasta to Sicily of Italy.

Ø Foods like Potatoes, Soya, Groundnuts, Maize,Tomatoes and Chillies were brought from America to Europe by Columbus.

Ø Ireland’s poorest peasants so depend on potato. When a disease destroyed the crops in the mid 1840s, thousands of them died in starvation.

4. How Spanish use germs to colonise the Americas?

Ø European conquest over America was not just a result of fire power.

Ø Spanish sent the persons who infected with smallpox to America.

Ø America’s original inhabitants had no immunity due to their long isolation.

Ø Before reaching of Europeans, the smallpox decimated the whole of communities.

Ø Europeans easily conquest the Americas.

5.Why Europeans moved out of Europe during the 19^th century?

Ø Until 19^th century poverty and hunger were common in Europe.

Ø Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were spread in Europe.

Ø Religious conflicts were common.

Ø Dissenters were persecuted. So people fled Europe to America.

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Unit  - 2

6.Three types of flows

Ø Economist identified three types of flows.

Ø Flow of Goods: Cloth or wheat traded between various countries.

Ø Flow of Labour: Migration of people in search of employment.

Ø Flow of Capital: Capital move for short – term or long – term investment over long distances.

7.Corn Law

Ø Due to the increase of population, there was increased demand for food grains in Britain.

Ø The food grain prices went up in Europe due to short supply.

Ø Under the pressure of landed group the government restricted the import of corn.

Ø This act of restricting the import of Corn is called CORN LAW.

Ø Unhappy with food prices, the industrialist and urban dwellers forced the abolition of

Ø CORN LAW.

Ø So the government scrapped the Corn law.

Ø Now vast areas of land left uncultivated in Britain.  Because of very less price of the imported grains.

Ø Britain started to depend on imports of food grains.

8.Why Railways and Ports were established?

Ø Lands were cleared in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia to meet the demands of Britain.

Ø Capital flowed from London.

Ø Railways were constructed to link the agriculture region with ports.

Ø Ports were built to carry the grains and raw materials to Europe.

Ø Nearly 50 million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia.

Ø All over the world 150 million people crossed oceans to better future.

 9.How agricultural economy taken shape?

Ø Food no longer comes from nearby village.

Ø But it came from thousands of miles away.

Ø Earlier grains supplied by the peasant tilling his own land but now from a agriculture labour who travelled from Africa and Asia.

Ø A forest was cleared for this purpose, railways were constructed and ports were operating the shipping.

10.Canal colonies

Ø In west Punjab the British Indian government build network of irrigation canals to transform the semi desert into agricultural land.

Ø These changes took place to cultivate wheat and cotton to satisfy the demand of Britiain.

Ø The peasants and labours settled near the canals for the work, so they are known as Canal colonies.

11.How technology assisted the global trade?

Ø Till 1870s animals were shipped live from Americas to Europe.

Ø They slaughtered in Europe.

Ø But live animals took lot space in the ship.

Ø They fell ill in voyage, and lost weight become unfit for to eat.

Ø So meat was very expensive and luxury food in Europe.

Ø The high prices kept this business down.

Ø After the new technology namely refrigerated ships, changes took place in this industry.

Ø Now animals were slaughtered in America and Australia and transported as frozen meat.

Ø It reduced the shipping cost, and lowered the prices of meat.

Ø Now the poor in Europe able to get the meat in his diet.

12.Why European powers met in Berlin in 1885?

Ø European powers met in Berlin to demarcate their boundaries of colonies between them.

Ø Britain and France made vast additions.

Ø Belgium and Germany became new colonial powers.

Ø US also become a colonial power by taking up some colonies of Spain by 1890.

13.What are the problems faced by Europeans in Africa and how they tried to resolve?

Ø Europeans faced the challenge of labour.

Ø Africa is rich in land and cattle wealth.

Ø Very rarely they work for wages.

Ø They not turned to mines and plantations owned by the Europeans.

Ø So they used many methods to recruit labour.

Ø Heavy taxes were imposed, they can pay only if they work in mines or plantations.

Ø Inheritance laws were changed so that only one member in the family was allowed to inherit the land. Others were pushed into labour market. 

14.How Rinderpest or Cattle plague helped Europeans to colonise Africa ?

Ø Rinderpest arrived in Africa in 1880.

Ø It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading the Eritrea in Eastern Europe.

Ø It spread like a forest fire.

Ø The Rinderpest reached the Atlantic coast by 1890 and reached the Cape (Southern tip) next five years.

Ø It killed 90% cattle wealth of Africa.

Ø The loss of cattle destroyed the African livelihood.

15. Indentured Labour Migration from India.

Ø In the 19^th century thousands of Indian and Chinese labour went to work on plantations, mines and railway constructions all over the world.

Ø In India indentured labour were hired under contracts for five years.

Ø Workers came from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and Dry districts of Tamil nadu.

Ø Cottage industries declined, lands rents rose, and lands were cleared for mines and plantations.

Ø All affected the lives of people. So they forced to migrate in search of work.

Ø Indian indentured migrants mostly went to caribbean islands, Mauritius, Fiji, Ceylon and Malaya.

Ø Recruitment was done by agents.

Ø Agents provided false information to the migrants on place of work, nature of work, and the working conditions.

Ø Some time less willingness migrants were abducted by the agents for commission.

Ø They conditions were worst in their work place.

Ø They had few legal rights so indentured labour system was described as a NEW SYSTEM OF SLAVERY.

16. Blending of different culture.

Ø The indentured workers found new ways to surviving.

Ø Those who try to escape they were punished severely.

Ø Others developed new forms of self expression, blending different culture.

Ø In Trinidad annual Muharram procession was transformed into a carnival called HOSAY in which all workers of different religion joined.

Ø The protest religion of RASTAFARIANISM is also showed the cultural links of Indian migrants.

Ø CHUTNEY music popular in Trinidad and Guyana.

Ø Most of the indentured workers stayed on after their contracts ended.

Ø Still we can find large number of Indian decent in Caribbean islands.

Ø Nobal price winning writer V.S.Naipaul, cricketers like Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Ramneresh Sarwan.

Ø In Caribbean islands Indian decent were called as COOLIES, remained as minority stated in the novels of V.S.Naipaul.

Ø Due to the pressure of the nationalist groups  indentured labour system was abolished in 1921 through a act.   

17. Indian Entrepreneurs abroad.

Ø Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai chettiars were the successful communities who financed their funds for the export of agriculture.

Ø They had a system to transfer the money over large distances and financed central and southeast Asia.

Ø Hyderabadi Sindhi traders established emporia in ports during 1860s.

Ø They are the money lenders ventured beyond the European colonies.

18.Why Indian cotton began to decline? How do Britain had TRADE SURPLUS with India?

Ø British industrialist pressurized the government to restrict the cotton imports from India.

Ø Tariffs were imposed on the imports into Britain.

Ø So the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline.

Ø Indian textiles faced stiff competition from other international markets also.

Ø Indian share of cotton textile declined from 30% (1800) to 15% (1815).

Ø By 1870 it dropped to 3%.

Ø At the same time raw cotton exports rose from 5% to 35%.

Ø During the 19^th century British manufactures flooded the Indian market.

Ø The VALUE OF BRITISH EXPORTS TO INDIA WERE HIGHER THAN THE VALUE OF BRITISH IMPORTS FROM  INDIA.

Ø Thus Britain had trade surplus with India.

Ø Britain surplus in India also helped pay the so called “home charges” that included remittances home by British officials, traders and pensions of British officials in India.

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Unit – 3

19. The First World War was  a war like no other. Or The modern industrial war Or how First world war affected the people Or impacts of First World War.

Ø Machine guns, Tanks, Aircrafts and Chemical weapons were used in this war on a massive scale.

Ø All these were the products of modern large scale industries.

Ø Millions of soldiers were recruited to fight the war.

Ø 9 million people died and 20 million people injured.

Ø Most of the killed and maimed were men of working age.

Ø These death and injuries reduced the able- bodied workforce in Europe.

Ø House hold income has declined after the war.

Ø As men went to battle, women stepped into jobs.

Ø Britain borrowed large sums of money from US banks and Public.

Ø Thus this war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.

Ø At the end of the war, the US owned more overseas assets.

21.Post war Recovery.

Ø Post war economic recovery was proved difficult.

Ø Britain was leading the world economy in the pre- war period, but they found difficult to recapture the earlier position in economy and market.

Ø Industries had developed in India and Japan.

Ø Britain liberally borrowed from the US.

Ø At the end of the war Britain burdened with huge external debts.

Ø War time boom on production and employment came an end.

Ø Production contracted and unemployment increased.

Ø By 1921 one out five British workers out of the work.

Ø Agriculture economies were also in crisis.

Ø Eastern Europe was the largest supplier of Wheat in the world market.

Ø This was disrupted during the war.

Ø Wheat production in Canada, America and Australia expanded drastically.

Ø The supply the wheat increased into the world market, so prices fell, incomes declined and farmers fell deeper into debt.

 22.Mass Production and consumption in US. Or Assembly line technique of production.

Ø The car manufacturer Henry Ford was the pioneer of mass production.

Ø He adopted the assembly line technique of Chicago slaughterhouse to his car plant in Detroit.

Ø He believed that assembly line method would allow faster and cheaper way of producing the vehicles.

Ø Assembly line method forced the workers repeat the single task continuously, at the pace dictated by the conveyor belt.

Ø No worker could afford to delay in motion, take a break or friendly word with workmate.

Ø Henry Ford’s cars came off the assembly line at three minute intervals.

Ø “T Model Ford “was the world’s first mass produced car.

Ø Large number of workers quit the job because they unable to cope with the stress of work.

Ø Henry doubled the daily wages into $5.

Ø Car production in US rose from 2 million in 1919 to more than 5 million in 1929.

Ø Due to increase of wages purchase of refrigerators, washing machines, radios, gramophones all increased.

Ø US imports and export of capital boosted the European economic recovery.

 23.Reasons for Great Economic depression 1929.

Ø The Great Economic depression begun in 1929 and lasted till mid 1930s.

First: Agricultural over production

Ø During the First world War Europe, America and Australia increased their agriculture production.

Ø Eastern Europe, Asia and other colonies produced the grains and raw materials for the export.

Ø Due this surplus supply of agricultural products, prices begun to fall.

Ø Farmers tried to expand the production and bring larger volume of produce to the market.

Ø It worsened the market, pushing the prices low.

Ø Farm products rotted for a lack of buyers.

Ø Farmers income declined.

Second: Withdraw of US loans

Ø In mid 1920s many countries financed their investment through the loans from the US.

Ø US investors panicked with fall of economy, so they start to with draw their investments.

Ø In the first half of 1928, US overseas loans amounted to over $1 billion.

Ø A year later it was one quarter of that amount.

Ø This led to collapse of British pound sterling.

Ø US doubled the import duties; it was a severe blow to world trade.

Ø Due to fall in prices, US banks slashed the domestic lending and called back the loans.

Ø Farms could not sell their harvest, household were ruined and business collapsed.

Ø Many house hold in US unable to repay the loans.

Ø US banking system collapsed, unable to recover investment, collect loans and repay depositors.

Ø Thousands of banks went bankrupt.

Ø By 1933 over 4,000 banks had closed.

Ø Between 1929 and 1932 110,000 companies had collapsed.

24.India and Great Economic depression

Ø Indian exports and imports halved between 1928 and 1934.

Ø As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged.

Ø Wheat Prices in India fell by 50%.

Ø The colonial government refused to reduce the revenue demands.

Ø Peasants producing for the world market were the worst hit.

Ø In Bengal they grew jute and were processed in factories for export in the form of gunny bags.

Ø But when the gunny exports collapsed the price of raw jute crushed more than 60%.

Ø Peasants who borrowed to increase output in the hope of higher income faced ever lower prices and fell deeper and deeper into debt.

Ø Indian peasants used up their savings, mortgaged lands and sold jewellery to meet their expenses.

Ø India became the exporter of gold.

Ø Economist  John  Mayanard Keynes thought that Indian gold export promoted the global economic recovery, speed up Britain’s recovery, but did little for the Indian peasants.

Ø Gandhi launched the civil disobedience movement at the height of depression in 1931.

Ø Depression affected the urban people less.

Ø They have fixed income so falling prices increased their standard of living.

Ø Industrial investment grew, government extended the tariff protection to industries under the pressure of nationalist opinion.

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Nationalism in Europe (Unit 4,5,&6)

                                                                                                                                               R.Ayyappan

Unification of Germany

Ø 1848 liberals tried to unite the Germany into one nation, but it was repressed by large landowners (Junkers) of Prussia, Monarchy and military.

Ø Prussia took the leadership to unite German confederations.

Ø With the help of Prussian army and Bureaucracy, the Chief minister of Prussia Otto Van Bismark made attempt to unite the Germany.

Ø Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in victory to Otto Van Bismark and completed the process of unification.

Ø In January 1871 the Prussian King William –I was proclaimed as the German Emperor.

Unification of Italy

Ø During the middle of the 19^th century Italy was divided into seven states.

Ø Except the Sardinia – Piedmont was the only state ruled by the Italian Princely house.

Ø Rest of the states was ruled by Austrian Habsburg (North), Pope(centre) and Bourbon kings of Spain (South).

Ø Giuseppe Mazzini made a programme called Unitary Italian Republic in 1830. And formed secret society called Young Italy.

Ø The ruler of Sardinia – Piedmont the King Victor Emmanuel II wanted to unify the Italian states.

Ø His Chief minster Cavour led the movement of unification.

Ø Cavour able to defeat Austrian forces with the alliance with France 1859.

Ø Giuseppe Garibaldi marched towards South Italy and Kingdom of Two Sicilies with large number of peasants and drive out the Spanish rulers.

Ø In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the King of United Italy.

Unification of United Kingdom of Great Britain

Ø British Isles were inhabited by the ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.

Ø English grow in wealth and political dominance.

Ø The English parliament seized the power from the monarch in 1688.

Ø The Act of Union between England and Scotland resulted the formation of  United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Ø The England dominated the Scotland.

Ø The British parliament was dominated with English members. Representation of Scotland was very less.

Ø The British tried to destroy the identity of Scotland culture and language.

Ø The Scottish was forbidden to speak the Gaelic language or wear their national dress.

Ø In Ireland English helped the protestants to establish their dominance over the Catholics.

Ø The revolt of Wolfe Tone (1798) was suppressed and Ireland was forcibly incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.

Ø New Union Jack flag and the National Anthem “God save our noble king” were promoted.

Visualising the Nation

Ø Allegories were formed in Europe to represent their nations.

Ø Marianne, the female allegory represented the France. With red cape, the tricolor, the cockade. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.

Ø Germania, the female allegory represented the Germany. Germania wears a crown of Oak(heroism),sword(ready to fight), broken chain(Being freed)etc.,

The Balkan problem

Ø The Balkan region consists of lot of ethnic variations.

Ø It include the present day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece and Serbia etc.,

Ø A large part of the Balkan region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.

Ø The romantic nationalism spread all over the Balkan region and led to the disintegration and ideas of nationalism.

Ø During the 19^th century the Ottoman empire was disintegrated.

Ø The European nationalist in Balken region broke away from the control and declared independence.

Ø The Balkan people based on their history they tried to prove that they were independent in the past.

Ø Many small Balkan states were formed.

Ø Each state was jealous about the other and wanted to dominate other which led to the intense tensions and war.

Ø Big European powers like Germany, England, Austro-Hungary was keen enter into this region.

Ø The series of wars in this region finally ended in the First World War.

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