Std:10 Democratic Politics
Simplified study material
1. Power Sharing
1.Case study of
Belgium
Ø In
Belgium 59% of people speak Dutch and 40% of people speak French.
Ø In
capital Brussels 80% of people speak French While 20% of people speak Dutch.
Ø Minority
French speaking people was relatively rich and powerful
Ø So
rulling government schemes were in favour of Dutch speaking people.
Ø It
led to tensions between Dutch and French speaking communities.
2.Accommodation/solution
in Belgium.
Ø Between
1970 and 1993 four times constitution was amended.
Ø Central
government ministry was shared by French and Dutch communities equally.
Ø Central
government shared its power with the regional governments.
Ø Community
government was setup to look at the issues of language, education and culture.
Ø Separate
government for Brussels and French shared ministry with Dutch.
3.Case study of Sri
Lanka / Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka.
Ø In
Sri Lanka 74% of people speak Sinhala.
Ø Tamil
speaking population was 18%.
Ø In
that Sri Lankan Tamils or Native Tamils were 13% and Indian Tamils were 5%.
Ø 1956
the Only Sinhala Act made Sinhala as the only official Language.
Ø Only
Sinhala speaking Buddhist can become the president of the country.
Ø Reservation
policies were made in favour of Sinhala and against of Tamils.
Ø Tamil
people raised their demands which was ignored by the government.
Ø So
Tamil people demanded Separate state called Tami Eelam.
Ø The
civil war took place in Sri Lanka and ended in favour in Sinhala
Ø Thousands
of innocent Tamil people were killed in the war.
4.Why power sharing
is desirable? Why do we need power sharing?
Prudential Reasons:
Ø Power
sharing can reduce the conflict between two communities.
Ø Power
sharing may increase the stability of the government.
Ø Power
sharing can reduce the violence between two communities.
Moral Reasons:
Ø Power
sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
Ø People
have a right to be consulted.
5.Forms of Power
sharing / Kinds of power sharing:
Horizontal
power sharing:
Ø Power
sharing among the organs of the government.
Ø Power
sharing between Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
Ø None
of the organ is having unlimited powers.
Ø Each
organ can check others.
Vertical
power sharing
Ø Power
sharing among the different levels of the government
Ø Central
government for overall country.
Ø There
will be regional government or state government.
Ø The
central government shares its powers with state government.
Ø The
state government shares powers with the local government.
Ø There
will be federal setup of multi-level governance.
Ø Ex:
India and Belgium
Power
sharing with different social groups
Ø Power
sharing with weaker section of the society.
Ø In
India reservation has been given to the SC/ST and women.
Ø Powers
sharing with minorities and weaker section of the people.
Ø Ex:
Community government in Belgium.
Power
sharing with Political parties, pressure groups and movements
Ø Two
or more parties form an alliance and share power.
Ø Interest
groups like farmers, traders can also share the power by influencing the
government in their favour.
Ethnic:A
Social division based on culture. People have similarities in physical looks
and culture. Need not always have same religion and nationality.
Majoritarianism: A
belief of the majority community dominate or rule over the minority community.
Disregarding the needs and wishes of the minority.
Civil war: A
violent conflict between two groups within the nation.
========================================================================================
2. Federalism
1.What is federalism?
Ø In
a federal system a country have two or more level of government.
Ø There
will be a central or union government for entire country.
Ø There will be regional governments at regional
level.
2.What are the key
features of federalism?
Ø There
are two or more level of government.
Ø Each
level of government has its own jurisdiction.
Ø Jurisdictions
are specified in the constitution.
Ø Basic
rights of the constitution cannot be changed by one level of government.
Ø Court
have the power to interpret the constitution.
Ø Sources
of revenue has been shared between the different levels of the government.
3. What are two
objectives of the federal government?
Ø To
safeguard and promote the unity of the country.
Ø To
accommodate the regional diversity.
4.DifferentiateCOMING
TOGETHER FEDERATION AND HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION
COMING TOGETHER
FEDERATION:
Ø A.Independent
states coming together on their own and form big unit.
Ø All
federal units have same kind of power
Ø B.Ex:USA
and Australia
HOLDING TOGETHER
FEDERATION:
Ø .A
large country divided into smaller divisions.
Ø All
federal units do not have same kind of power.
Ø B.Ex:
India and Belgium.
5.Unitary government
and Federal government
Unitary government :
Ø Only
one level of government
Ø Central
government controls entire country.
Ø If
there is any federal units, they are not independent and federal units are sub ordinate
to central government.
Ø Central
government can order the regional government to do something.
Federal government
Ø There
will be two or more levels of governments.
Ø Central
government governs entire country.
Ø The
country is divided into small divisions and there will be a regional
governments.
Ø Regional
governments are independent and functions on its own.
Ø Central
government cannot order or force the regional government to do something.
6.What makes India a
federal country?
Ø The
constitution of India declared that India is an Indian Union.
Ø Earlier
we started with two tier government now we have three tier administration.
Ø Union
list: subjects of national importance. Ex: Banking and Currency etc.,
Ø State
list: subjects of local importance. Ex: Police, agriculture and irrigation
etc.,
Ø Concurrent
list: These are common subjects where both level of government can make laws.
Ex:Education, forest and marriage.
Ø All
federal units do not have equal rights. Jammu and Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh
enjoy some special privileges.
Ø States
enjoy more rights while union territories have less powers.
Ø Court
can declare any law passed by the assemble as invalid.
Ø Constitutional
amendments need to be passed with two third majority in Loksabha and Rajyasabha
seperatly.
7.Linguistic states
Ø Lanuage
based states were formed to ensure that people who spoke the same language
lived in the same state. Exception to Nagaland, Uttarkhand and Jharkhand.
Ø Some
national leaders had a fear that linguistic states can separate the nation but
now it made our country more united.
8.Language policy
Ø Our
constitution did not gave the status of National Language to any one language.
Ø Hindi
was identified as the official language of central government.
Ø Hindi
is the mother tongue of 40% of the Indians.
Ø In
1965 the use of English for official
purpose was stop, but non Hindi states demanded English to continue.
Ø particularly
in Tamil Nadu the Anti Hindi Movement took violent form.
Ø So
the Central Government agreed to continue the use of English for official
purpose.
Ø In
this issue national leaders shown great flexibility which avoided the conflict
like Srilanka.
9.Centre – State
relationship
Ø When
same party ruling in the Central and State government than the state get more
favours.
Ø When
State and Centre governments were ruled by different party, the Central
Government undermine the State government.
Ø In
those days central government misuse the powers and dismiss the state
government.
Ø After
1990 we could able to sew a rise of regional parties.
Ø The
era of COALITION GOVERNMENTS has strengthened the federal set up.
10.What is
decentralization?
Ø When
power is taken away from the Central and State governments and given to the
Local government is called decentralization.
11 Why
decentralization of power is needed?
Ø Large
number of problems are local in nature.
Ø Most
of the problems can be solved at local level, need not taken to the higher
level.
Ø Local
people have the better understanding of the issue and they can come out with
best solution.
Ø It
give the sense to the people that they are in decision making process.
12.What was the major
step took in decentralization in 1992
Ø Local
government elections became mandatory.
Ø Seats
are reserved SC/ST.
Ø One
third seats are reserved for Women
Ø State
Election commission was set up in all states to look after the election
process.
Ø The
State government need to share its power and money to the local government.
Coalition government:
A government formed by at least two political parties.
=========================================================================================
3.Democracy and Diversity
1.Story of Mexico
Olympics:
Ø Mexico
Olympics held at 1968.
Ø African
- Americans Tommie smith and John carlos
won gold and bronse medal in 200 meters race for USA
Ø While
receiving medal both were wearing black socks and no shoes to represent the
black poverty.
Ø The
raised clenched fists, they represent black power.
Ø Peter
Norman who got silver medal also wear Human rights batch to support Tommie
Smith and John Carlos.
Ø The
International Olympics Association held Tommie smith and John Carlos held
guilty and taken back their medals.
Ø Peter
Norman was not selected for Australian team for next Olympics.
Ø San
Jose University erected statue for Tommie smith and John Carlos.
Ø Tommie
Smith and John Carlos were gone to Australia toparticipate in the funeral of
Peter Norman whosupported him as an athlete.
2.Origin of Social
Differences
There
are two sources of social differences
a.On the basis of
Birth: Race, Caste, Color, Nationality, Ability and
disability of the body are the certain social differences the child gets with
the birth.
b.On the basis of
Choices:Education, Occupation, Ageists or Devotee, Games,
Hobby are the certain social differences a person can choose in his life.
3.Overlapping and
Cross-Cutting social differences.
Overlapping Social
differences:
Ø One
social difference becomes more important than the other and people start to
feeling that they belongs to different communities
Ø Class
and social division will overlap on each other
Ø Ex:In Northern Ireland
Roman Catholics were poor and discriminated while protestants were rich and
influential.
Ø In
USA Blacks were poor, homeless and discriminated while Whites were rich.
Ø In
India Dalits were poor and landless while upper caste were rich and landlord.
Ø Overlapping
social division is very dangerous to any country.
Cross-Cutting social
differences:
Ø Social
differences cross cut each other and it is difficult to pit one group of people
against the other.
Ø Ex:Netherland consist of
Roman Catholics and Protestant.
Ø There
rich and poor in both sections of the religion.
Ø So
they don’t have conflicts like Northern Ireland.
4.Politics of Social
division or Ranges of Outcomes of social division in politics.
Ø Social
division can be represented in politics.
Ø But
domination of one social division over other can lead to violence between two
communities and also disintegration of the country.
Ø Ex:Northern
Ireland Roman Catholics were 44% and they were poor and discriminated.
Ø The
Nationalist party representing the Roman Catholics demanded that Northern
Ireland be unified with Republic of Ireland where Roman Catholics are majority.
Ø The
Unionist party representing the 53% of protestant want the country remain with
U.K.
Ø Hundreds
of civilians were killed in the violence.
Ø Finally
1998 the U.K government and the Nationalist reached a peace treaty. And stop
the violence.
5.Factors deciding
the outcomes of representing social division in politics.
1.How people perceive
themselves?:
Ø If
people see their identities in singular and exclusive it is difficult to
accommodate.
Ø In
Northern Ireland people saw themselves as Roman Catholics and protestant.
Ø Where
as in Belgium the people saw themselves as Belgians first and then French and
Dutch. So they could able to solve the problem. Which not took place in
Northern Ireland.
2.How leaders raise
their demands?:
Ø When
the leaders of the social division raise their demands within the constitution
it will be easy to accommodate.
Ø In
Sri Lanka the Tamil community demand was above the constitution so it remainsun
resolved.
3.How government
react to the demands of different social groups?:
Ø In
Belgium rulers are willing to share the powers and accommodate the French. But
it not took place in Sri Lanka the rulers are not ready to share their powers
with the minority Tamil people.
Ø If
the rulers try to suppress the demand of the minority in the name of national
unity we have to understand that they are sowing the seeds of
disintegration.
========================================================================================
4.Gender,Religion and Movement
1.Gender and Politics
1.1Sexual division of
labour:
Ø The
main responsibility of women is house work like cooking, washing and taking
care of children.
Ø All
the work outside the house is responsibility of men. Men is expected involve in
economic activity and earn money of the family.
Ø Indian
family system is Patriarchal in nature.
1.2Women and
education:
Ø According
to 2011 census female literacy rate is only 54%. Nearly half of Indian women
are illiterate.
Ø Even
though girls do well in school education still their enrollment in higher
education is very less. Parents are ready to spend more on boys than the girls.
1.3Women and work:
Ø Now
we could able to see women in many jobs. But from Sports to Cinema women are
paid less than the men.
Ø The
Equal Remuneration Act1976 says that men and women should be paid equally.
Ø Declining
Child sex ratio: In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and try to
abort the girl. So child sex ratio has declined to 914 girls per 1000 boys.
1.4Women and
politics:
Ø In
India 2009 alone the women representation has crossed 10% in loksabha. Still
most of the state assemblies women representation is less than 5%.
Ø Women
representation in politics in India is around 8.3% .
Ø world
average of women in politics is 19.7% and Nordic countries women representation
is 42%.
Ø A
bill stating one third seat in loksabha and vidhansabha is bending in
parliament for more than the decade.
2.Religion
2.1Views on religion:
Views of Gandhi: Religion
can never be separated from the politics.
He
believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
Women’s Movement:
family laws of all religions discriminate against women.
Human rights
Movement:Human rights groups argued that most of the victims
of communal riots are religious minorities.
Communalism:
Ø The
religion is seen as the basis of the nation.
Ø State
power is used to establish the interest of majority religion.
Ø The
majority religion dominates the minority religion through the political power.
Ø Minority
start to feel that they cannot live along with majority and they desire or
demand for separate unit.
How communalism can
take various forms in politics?
Ø Majority
religion beliefs are established in superior with minority religion.
Ø A
communal mind search for political dominance.
Ø Due
to dominance of majority minority community started to desire for separate
unit.
Ø Political
mobolisation on religious lines. Scared symbols and religious leaders emotional
speech create the fear in the minds of the religious minority.
Ø Sometimes
communalism takes its ugliest form of violence.
Secular state:
Ø There
is no official language for Indian state.
Ø People
have the freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion.
Ø The
constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.
Ø Government
intervene into religion only when anything go unconstitutional. Ex: Indian constitution has
bannedUntouchability.
Caste
What are the factors
has reduced the effect of caste?
Ø Social
reformers like JothibaPhule, Gandhiji, B.R.Amebedkar and Periyar worked a lot
against the caste inequalities.
Ø Large
scale urbanaisation has also reduced to effects of caste. Mostly in urban we do not know who is
traveling along with us and who is eating next to our table.
Ø Weakening
of the positions of land lard has also breakdown the caste hierarchy.
How castes still
persist in India?
Ø Even
now people mostly marry within the caste group.
Ø Still
in certain places we could able to find untouchability in India.
Ø The
centuries of advantages and disadvantages continues still today.
Ø The
caste which were denied to get education in past, now they lagging behind.
How caste is
represented in politics? Or How caste can take various forms in politics?
Ø Political
parties while choosing the candidates for the elections they keep the caste
composition of the constituency.
Ø Political
parties mostly give the seat to candidate who belongs to the majority caste of
a particular constituency.
Ø Political
parties and candidates make appeals to the people in the name of caste.
Caste alone will not
decide the election success how? Or Caste cannot influence much how?
Ø No
parliamentary constituency in our country has a clear majority of one single
caste.
Ø A
candidate need the support of other caste group to win the election.
Ø We
cannot expect all voters of one caste group will vote to the same candidate.
Ø When
all the parties give seat to the majority caste group, a candidate cannot take
the caste advantage.
Ø Many
times we see the sitting MP or MLA who win the election due to the caste,
looses the next election.
Ø People
also see the performance of the candidate.
Ø When
people have strong attachment with one party they will not the caste or any
other differences.
How politics
influence the caste?
Ø Each
caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating with in the neighbouring or
sub caste.
Ø Various
caste groups are entering into negotiation to make coalition with other caste
groups.
Ø New
kinds of caste groups have come up in the political area like backward caste
groups and forward caste groups.
=========================================================================================
6.Political Parties
1.What is a political party?
Ø
A group of
people who came together to contest
elections.
Ø
They agree on
some policies and programmes
Ø
Ex: All India
National Congress
2.Functions of the political party?
Ø
Contesting
elections and choosing candidates for the elections.
Ø
Framing the
policies and programmes from the vast multitude of opinions on various issues.
Ø
Making laws
and amending the law for a country after a good debate with not only opposition
party but also with their own party members.
Ø
Running the
government and train the leaders to run the government.
Ø
If unable to
win the majority in the assemble, need to play a role of opposition - voicing
different view and be a good critic of the government.
Ø
Creating good
public opinion.
Ø
Connecting
the people with government‘s well fare programmes.
3.Why do we need political parties?
Ø
Without
political parties, in an election all the candidates will be an independent
candidates.
Ø
No one can
form a government in the assemble because independents find difficult to show
majority in the assemble.
Ø
Even though
they form government it won’t be stable.
Ø
No one will
be able to make promises for the entire country.
4.How many parties we need for a good
democracy?
Ø
One Party System: Any democratic system we need more than
one, at least two parties. China has one party system and lack of democratic
values.
Ø
Two Party System:U.S.A, U.K both has two party system. Both
parties have a serious chances of winning the majority.
Ø
Multi party system:India has multi party system. When country
like India has multi cultural and ethnic and linguistic people, by the time
emergence of more number of political
are unavoidable. Local difference will be expressed in the politics.
Ø
Democracy is
possible with any number but at least two.
5. Classification of political parties (or)
How political parties gets its recognition from the election
commission?
Regional Party / State Party
Ø
The political
party exist in one state or part of the country.
Ø
The party
gives importance to the issues of the particular state.
Ø
A party has
to get 6% votes and 2 seats in the assembly election of the state to get the
recognition from the election commission as the regional party.
Ø
The party
which got recognition they can contest in common symbol in all over the
state.Ex:DMK
National
parties
Ø
The political
parties exist entire nation.
Ø
The parties
has national goals
Ø
A party needs
to get 6% votes in a loksabha elections (or) assembly election of any four
states and to secure 4 seats in loksabha
to get recognition status from the election commission as a National party.
Ø
Ex:All India
National Congress
6. What are the challenges faced by the
political parties?
Ø
Lack of internal democracy: one or few leaders at the top control the
entire party.
Parties do not maintains fairness in the
membership
Party Leader choosing candidates for the
elections.
Ø
Dynastic Succession: Family members of the party leader get the
most important post in the party.
Members who are relatives of the family of
the leader they get the seats easily.
Ø
Money and Muscle Power: Rich,
and members with criminal background getting the tickets easily.
They come up in the party and ordinary
member remains ordinary.
Ø
Choices: Political parties finds very difficult to differentiate their parties
from other parties.
Policies of different parties are very
similar.
7.How can political parties be reformed?
Present laws:
Ø
Anti Defection Law:
According to this act any MLA,MP moving from one party to another he/she will
lose their post.
Ø
Affidavit: According to the order issued by the
Supreme Court of India, a candidate contesting in an election has to file the
affidavit giving the details of property, criminal cases and the personal
information to the election commission.
Ø
Supreme court order: Supreme court has passed an order that political parties should hold their
organizational elections and file income tax returns to the election commission.
Suggestions:
Ø
A officier
can be appointed in political parties to regulate the internal affairs.
Ø
1/3 seats to
be given to the women’s and women should be present the important positions of
the party.
Ø
To control
the flow of money government can fund the election expanses of the political
parties.
8.Indian
National Congress
Ø Indian National Congress was formed in
1885.
Ø This party was lead the freedom struggle of
India.
Ø Most of the popular national leaders belong
to this party.
Policy:
Ø This party is a centrist party.
Ø They take decisions according to the
interest of the people.
Ø Congress party is a secular party. They
keep away from the religious issues.
Ø They give privileges to weaker sections and
minorities.
Ø They support New Economic Policies with
human face.
Ø Rule: From 1947 to 1977, 1980 to 1989, 2004
to 2014
Ø Congress is leading the United Progressive
Alliance.
9.Bharathiya Janata Party
Ø
BJP was
formed in 1980
Ø
This party
had roots with Bharthiya Jana Sang
Policy:
Ø
This party is
a Rightist Party
Ø
They receive
inspirations from Ancient Indian traditions
Ø
They want to
establish cultural nationalism or Hinduthwa.
Ø
They want
complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir
Ø
BJP Support
common civil code
Ø
BJP Oppose
Religious conversions
Ø
They rule
1999 to 2004 and 2014 to till date
Ø
BJP Leads the
NDA (National Democratic Alliance)
10.Communist
Party of India and Communist Party of India – Marxist
Ø Communist Party of India was formed in 1925
Ø Communist Party of India – Marxist formed
in 1964
Policy:
Ø Communist parties are leftist party.
Ø They are secularist
Ø They against of communalism.
Ø Communist parties oppose the New Economic
policies and Foreign Direct Investment.
Ø These parties has vote bank in Kerala, West
Bengal and Tripura.
11.Samajwadi Janata Party
This party was formed in 1984 by Kanshiram.
They got inspirations from teachings of
Sahu maharaj, Jothiba Phule, Periyar and Ambetkar.
They support Daliths and Adivasis.
This party supported the UPA
They has vote bank in Uttar Pradesh, Delhi,
Madhya Pradesh etc.,
12.Nationalist Congress Party
This party was formed in 1999 by Sharath
Bhawar.
This party is a secular party.
They believe in Gandhian secularism,
Federalism.
They have a policy that only Indian origin
people should hold high office.
They have vote bank in Maharashtra, and
North Eastern States.
======================================================================================
7.Outcomes of
Democracy
1.Why democracy is better than other forms
of government?
Ø
Promotes equality
among the citizens
Ø
Enhances the dignity of the individual
Ø
Improves the
quality of decision making
Ø
Provides a
method to restore conflicts
Ø
Allows room
to correct mistakes
2.When people blame democracy?
Ø
If some of
our expectations are not met, we start blaming the idea of democracy.
Ø
Democracy is
just form of government. It can only create conditions for achieving something,
the citizens have to take advantage of those conditions and achieve the goal.
3.Efficiency (or) Decision making
Ø
Non
democratic rulers do have to bother about the consultation, people opinion and
also majority in assembly where as in democratic system each decision will be
taken only after the consultation and judicial reviews.
Ø
Non democratic governments takes quick
decision but democratic countries taking good decision. So people in the
democratic system accept the decision majorly.
4.Transparency (or) Accountable
Ø
Democratic
governments are accountable to the people but we cannot expect this from non
democratic systems.
Ø
Democratic
system believes that people have the right to know what is happening inside the
government or in other words people have the rights to know how decision taking
process takes place in the government. Ex:
Right to information Act
5.Elections
Ø
In non democratic
countries holding regular election nearly impossible even though elections
conducted the fairness will not be there.
Ø
Ex: Military
rule of Myanmer denied the victory of Aung Sun Su Ki in the elections.
Ø
Whereas if you take country like India we do not
have any problem in conducting the regular election but political parties and
people try to violate the code of conduct in the elections.
6.Debate
Ø
Public
expression of dissatisfaction is not possible in the nondemocratic countries.
Debates never encourages in that system, authoritative rulers try to implement
their decisions, where as in democratic system the public issues will be
debated in the media and all social platforms, may be all issues are not
properly debated in India but the debate is exist in democratic system.
7.Economic growth and Development
Ø
Democracy is
not a economic policy. Democracy is not guaranty for economic growth.
Democratic system stands behind the non democratic system. But democratic
governments are not very much behind the non democratic governments.
Ø
Little bit of
difference exist, it can be acceptable because the people in democratic systems
enjoy more privileges then others.
Ø
All
democratic regimes achieved the growth of 3.95 %
Ø
All
nondemocratic regimes achieved the growth of 4.45%
8.Reduction of inequality and poverty:
Ø
Democratic
countries are not much successful in reduction of inequality and poverty.
|
Ø
Countries
|
Ø
Top 20 %
|
Ø
Bottom 20%
|
|
Ø
South
Africa
|
Ø
68%
|
Ø
2.9%
|
|
Ø
USA
|
Ø
50%
|
Ø
4%
|
|
Ø
UK
|
Ø
45%
|
Ø
6%
|
9.Accomodation of social diversity
Ø
The
democratic systems are best suited to produce this outcome. Non democratic
systems try to suppress the minorities.
Ø
The
democratic systems not only accommodate the social differences but appreciate
the social differences.
Ø
Democratic
systems has the ability to handle the social differences in a better manner
than the non democratic governments.
Ø
But there two
condition to achieve the accommodation in democratic systems (a).The majority need to work with minority.
The government should work in a general view and majority and minority views
should not be permanent.
Ø
(b) The majority rule means not a rule of
majority community or religion or linguistic group rule, majority rule means rule majority opinion each and every decision
or election there should be possibility for all the group to attain power. Democracy remains democracy only as long as
every citizen has the chance of being in majority at some point of time.
10.Dignity and freedom of the citizens
Ø
Democracies
stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting the dignity
and freedom of the citizens. In democracies every individual has the rights to
get respected by the fellow citizens.
Ø
There the
guaranty through the constitution for the weaker section of the society. The
violations will be considered as the crime.
Ø
Dignity of
women, protect of minority religions and SC/ST people in India are now
protected through the constitution.
Ø
There is legal base for them to protect their
rights if they think that their rights are denied.
Ø
We made many
laws to protect the dignity of every citizen. Ex: Eve Teasing Act, Domestic
violence Act, SC/ST act etc.,
11.Examination never gets over in
democracies
Ø
Yes
examination never gets over in democracies. The government or a society cannot
be satisfied with democratic approach one issue. Each and every issue and each
and every step the government need to
prove that they are democratic in policies. If the government passes in one issue
democratically other issues are waiting the queue to be resolved democratically.
Democracy should become habit in the system.
12. The fact that people are complaining is
itself a testimony to the success of democracy (or) A public expression of
dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project.
Ø
One of the
fundamental aims of democracy is allowing the struggle against the injustice
and giving the opportunity to the people to raise their voice against the
mighty in the society.
Ø
When people
are in ignorance even though rights are there in democratic system they don’t
live as democratic people but when democracy creates the belief that they can
bring their desired change, we could able to see people fight for their
justice.
Ø
So we can
conclude where ever we see the struggle of people against the decision of the
government we can understand that democracy progressing towards the betterment.
===================================================================================
8.Challanges to
democracy
1.What are the challenges in front of
democracy?
Ø
Foundational challenge: The countries which are having the non
democratic regimes facing this challenge. This involves keeping down the
existing military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign
state.
Ø
Challenge of expansion: This involves spreading the democratic principles to each and every
region of the country and different social groups.
Giving
more powers to the regional governments.
Empowerment of women and weaker section of
the society.
Country like India and U.S facing this
challenge.
Ø
Challenge of deepening of democracy:
This involves the strengthening of the
institutions of democracy.
Making an attempt to bring down the control
and influence of rich and powerful people in making government decisions.
2.What are the aspects we need to keep in
mind while thinking towards the political reforms?
Ø
Law alone cannot bring the desired change in the political. All the
issues in politics cannot be solved through the laws.
Ø
No doubt that law is needed, carefully designed law can help to
discourage the wrong politics but believing that only making law itself bring
all the best in the politics is very foolish.
Ø
Some time laws are counterproductive. They can give the undesired
results. Ex: the law that banned the persons who has more than two children
contesting the punchayet election denied the rights of many people
Ø
The good laws are those which empower the people. Ex: RTI
Ø
More and more participation of ordinary people can improve the quality
of politics.
Ø
Political reforms should think not only about what is a good decision
but also about who will implement it and how.
===============================================================================
No comments:
Post a Comment