Geography
1.Resources and Development
R.Ayyappan
1.Resources
Ø
The materials which satisfy our needs are called
resources.
Ø Resources
are technically accessible. Economically feasible and culturally acceptable.
Ø Human
interacts with nature through technology and convert the materials into
resources.
2.Classification
of resources on the basis of Origin
|
S.No
|
Biotic
|
Abiotic
|
|
1
|
Obtainted from Biosphere and have life
|
All the Non-living things
|
|
2
|
Ex:Human being, Flora and Fauna
|
Ex:Rocks and Fossils
|
3.Classification
of resources on the basis of Exhaustibility
|
S.No
|
Renewable
|
Non-Renewable
|
|
1.
|
These resources can be renewed.
|
These resources cannot be
renewed
|
|
2.
|
They are replenishable
|
These take millions of years to form
|
|
3.
|
These will not decrease with utilisation
|
These will decrease with utilization.
|
|
4.
|
Ex:Solar,Wind and Water
|
Ex:Fossile Fuels
|
4.Classification
of resources on the basis of Ownership
|
S.No
|
Individual resources
|
Community resources
|
|
1.
|
Only one person have the ownership
|
All the members of the community have the ownership.
|
|
2.
|
Rural: Farmers have land and pay tax to government
|
Village: Ponds, grazing ground and Burial grounds
|
|
3
|
Urban: People own houses and other property
|
Urban:Public park, Picnic spots and Play ground
|
|
S.No
|
National Resources
|
International Resources
|
|
1.
|
All the resources within the boundary of the country
|
No country has the ownership of this resources.
|
|
2.
|
Ex:Forest, Wild life, Minerals and Rivers
|
Ex:The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles.
|
|
3
|
The oceanic resources of 12 nautical miles from the coast.
|
The Exclusive Economic Zone.
|
5.Classificaiton of resources on the
basis of Status of Development
Potential Resources:
Ø
The resources which has not been utilized
properly
Ø
Ex:.Solar and Wind energy in Rajasthan and
Gujarat.
Developed resources:
Ø
The resources which are surveyed and utilized.
Ø
Ex: Oil extraction in Mumbai High.
Stock Resources:
Ø
Materials in the environment have the potential
to satisfy the needs.
Ø
But human do not have proper technology to
access.
Ø
Ex:Water consist of Hydrogen and Oxygen but we
don’t know how to use as a energy.
Reserve Resources:
Ø
These resources are reserved for future
utilization.
Ø
Ex: Water stored in the dam and forest can be
used in future
6.Major problems led by the development
of resources
Ø
Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed
of individuals
Ø
Accumulation of resources divide the society
into Rich and Poor.
Ø
Exploitation of resources led to Global warming
and Ozone layer depletion.
7.What is Resource planning and why do
we need resource planning
Ø
Judicious use of resources is called resource
planning.
Ø
All regions are rich in certain resources and
poor in other.
Ø
Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh is rich in minerals
Ø
Gujarat and
Rajasthan rich in solar and wind energy but lacks in water
Ø
Arunachal rich in water and lacks in
infrastructure
Ø
For resource planning is needed in national,
regional and local levels.
8.There are regions rich in resources
but lacks in economic development why?
Ø
The countries under colonization face this
problem
Ø
Due to the foreign rule they have not developed
the institutions of higher education and research institutes
Ø
Without human resource development economic
development is not possible
9.Conservation of resources
Ø
Irrational or over utilization leads to environmental
and socio - economic issus
Ø
Most of the resources are non renewable in
nature.
Ø
They take long time for the formation
Ø
We cannot avoid pollution while utilizing the
resources.
10.International attempts to conserve
resources.
Ø
In 1968 Club of Rome advocated the conservation
of resources.
Ø
In 1974 Schumacher published a book “Small is
Beautiful” based on Gandhian thoughts.
Ø
In 1987 Brundtland commission introduced the
concept of “Sustainable Development”.
Ø
Sustainable development: Development without
damaging the environment.
Ø
And published
a book “Our Common Future”.
Ø
In 1992 The First Earth Summit meets at Rio de
Janeiro at Brazil.
Ø
The leaders signed the Declaration on Global
Climatic Change and Biodiversity.
Ø
Agenda 21: To Combat or overcome the environmental
damage, poverty and disease through the global co-operation.
Ø
According to agenda 21, every nation has to laws
to protect their resources.
11.LandResources and land use in India
Ø
Mountains =30%, Plateaus=27% and Plains =43% in
India
Different uses of land in India
|
S.No
|
Land utilization
|
|
1.
|
Forest
|
|
2.
|
Land not available for agriculture:a.Barren and waste land, b.Land
under non- agricultural use road, factories etc
|
|
3.
|
Other uncultivated land:a Permanent pasture b.Tree groves c.Culturable
waste land ( land uncultivated for more than 5 years
|
|
4.
|
Fallow land: a.Current fallow(uncultivated less than one year) b.
other than current fallow land( uncultivated between 1 to 5 years)
|
|
5.
|
Net sown area: Area sown in a agriculture year
Gross cropped area: area sown more than once and net sown area
|
12.Land use changes in India
|
S.No
|
Land use
1960 -61
|
%
|
Land use
2008-09 in %
|
Changes observed
|
|
1.
|
Forest
|
18.11
|
22.78
|
Increased. But still it is less than
1952 forest policy of India (33.3%)
|
|
2.
|
Barren land
|
12.01
|
8.61
|
Decreased. Uttlised for other
purpose.
|
|
3.
|
Grazing land
|
4.71
|
3.38
|
Decreased. Not a good trend. It
increase the soil erosion.
|
|
4.
|
Culturable waste land
|
6.23
|
4.00
|
Decrease. Good trend, the waste land
has been utilized.
|
13.Land degradation
Ø
In Indian 130 million hectare land degraded.
Ø
Water eroded area is 56%, forest degraded area
28%, salinity 6% and wind erosion 10%
|
Regions affected by land degradation
|
Reasons
|
|
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odissa
|
mining
|
|
Gujarat, Rajasthan, M.P and maharashtra
|
Over grazing
|
|
Punjab and Haryana
|
Over irrigation due to water logging
|
|
Cement industries, ceramic industries and industrial effluents are
also responsible for land degradation in different part of the country.
|
|
14.Soils of India
a.Alluvial Soil
Ø
Origin: Deposition of rivers
Ø
Distribution:Northern plains, East coastal
Plains
Ø
Characters:Sandy to clayey, Rich in Potash,
lime, Phosphoric Acid, Poor in Nitrogen.
Bhangar –Old soil- Less in fertility. Khadar-New alluvial –
Fertile
Ø
Suitable crops: Paddy, Jute and Wheat.
B.Black Soil or Regur soil or Black
Cotton soil
Ø
Origin: weathering of Basalt rock.
Ø
Distribution: Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya
Pradesh.
Ø
Characters: clayey, Sticky when it is wet and
create wide cracks when it is dry. Rich in Potash,
§
lime,
Magnesium Poor in Phosphoric Acid.
Ø
Suitable crops: Cotton, Sugarcane
c.Laterite soil
Ø
Origin: Formed due to Leaching and High
temperature and Heavy rainfall.
Ø
Distribution:Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Kerala.
Red laterite found in Andhra Pradesh.
Ø
Characters: Suitable for cultivation along with
manures and fertilizers
Ø
Suitable crops: Tea, Coffee and Cashew nut.
15.Soil erosion
Ø
Removal of top layer of the soil is called soil
erosion.
Ø
Gully erosion: The running water erodes the soil
bycutting into narrow channels.
Ø
Sheet erosion: water erodes large areas of soil.
Ø
Bad land: when land becomes unfit for
cultivation.
16. Conservation of Land and Soil
resources
Ø
Countour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contour
lines. It decelerate the flow of water.
Ø
Strip cropping: alternative strips of grass and
crops cultivation.
Ø
Shelter belt: strips of crops and Trees to check
the soil erosion.
Ø
Terrace forming: Cutting the slope into steps
and practicing the farming.
Ø
Stabilisation of Sand dunes: growing thorny
bushes to stabilize the sand dunes.
Ø
Afforestation: Growing trees to check the soil
erosion.
=============================================================================================
3. Water Resources
1.Facts on water
Ø
96.5% water exist in oceans.
Ø
Only 2.5% is fresh water.
Ø
70% of fresh water occurs as glaciers of Antarctica
and Greenland
Ø
30 % of fresh water stored in underground.
Ø
India stands 133rd rank in the
availability of water per person per annum.
Ø
India receives only 4%of the world precipitation or
rainfall.
2.Why water is scarce in India (or) Reasons for
water scarcity
Ø
Increasing population:Growing population increases
demand for water for agriculture, industries and domestic use.
Ø
Dry season agriculture: Due to more demand of food
grains, and raw materials our formers are forced to cultivate during the dry
season. It declines the water sources.
Ø
Intensive industrialization: India freely allowed
the MNC to operate in different parts of the country. MNC’s producing for world
market. So they exploit the water resources.
Ø
Urban life style: Urban life styles aggravated the
water scarcity. Without any concern they exploiting the underground water.
Ø
Pollutions:Industrial effluents and application of
fertilizers and chemical pesticides has polluted the quality of water.
3.What is Multi – Purpose Projects? Or River valley
projects?
Ø
Checking the flow of water by constructing dam
across the river is called river valley project. Ex: Bhakra Nangal Project.
4.Why River Valley projects are called Multi
–Purpose Projects? Merits of Dams.
River Valley Projects were built for
various objectives. They are as follows
Ø
Irrigation
Ø
Flood control
Ø
Hydro – Electricity
Ø
Afforestation
Ø
Tourism
Ø
Fishing so
river valley projects are Multi – Purpose Projects.
5.Why Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed dams as “Temples
of modern India”
Ø
After the construction of dam many lands in India
was irrigated.
Ø
Many farmers could able to practice crops.
Ø
Employment has increased in agriculture sector.
Ø
Percapita income of the farmers has increased.
6.Merits or advantages of Multi-purpose
projects.
Ø
Flood control:Dams can effectively check the flood.
Flood prone regions are destroyed by the flood regularly.
Ø
Irrigation:
India is a monsoon country, receives seasonal rainfall. So water need to
be stored in the dams to irrigate the lands during the dry season
Ø
Hydro-Electicity: 22% power generated in India is
hydel power. Power is important for agriculture, industries and domestic life.
Ø
Tourism: Dams becomes tourist centres. Transport,
hotels, handicraft all get some market and increase the economy of the place.
7.Demerits or Disadvantages of Multi purpose
projects.
Ø
Dams checks natural flow of sediments.
Ø
Sediments deposits at the bottom of the reservoir,
if reduce the capacity of the dam
Ø
Rockier bed of the stream is not suitable for
aquatic fauna particularly for SPAWING.
Ø
Reservoir may submerge the vegetation.
Ø
Dam may lead to large scale displacement of people
which may cause social movements like “Narmada BachaoAndolan”
Ø
Due to sedimentation the dams can trigger floods.
Ø
Dams can induce earthquakes.
8.What are the changes took place in the cropping
pattern?
Ø
Farmers shifting to water intensive commercial
crops.
Ø
This has led to the salinization of the land
9.How dams can lead to the regional conflicts?
Ø
In Gujarat, the Sabarmathi basin farmers were
agitated or protested over the higher priority given to the urban people.
Ø
Interstate water disputes over the water stored in
dams.
10.Rain water harvesting in India.
Ø
Rooftop rainwater harvesting was commonly practiced
in India for drinking water.
Ø
Western Himalayas: People built diversion channels
called GULS or KULS.
Ø
Rajasthan: Rain fed storage structure in
agriculture lands to increase the soil moisture are called KHADINS in Jaisalmer
and JOHADS in other part of Rajasthan
Ø
Bikaner,Phalodi and Barmer districts almost all
houses had underground tanks to store the rain water.
Ø
The rainwater commonly known as “PALAR PANI”
Ø
Karnataka – Mysore – Gendathur: Nearly 200
households having rainwater harvesting system.Gendathur
receives 1000mm of annual rainfall. This village collects 80% of its rainwater.
Every house can collect and use about 50,000 liters of water annually.
==========================================================================================
7.Life lines of National
Economy
1.Transportation: Movement
of goods and passengers from one place to another.
2.Communication: Conveying thoughts and
ideas to others.
3.Why Transportation and communication
is considered as life lines of the national Economy?
Ø
Raw material should reach the industry and
finished products need to reach the market.
Ø
Without transport and communication people will
short supply of goods.
Ø
Without manufactures cannot sell their products
and raw material producers unable to sell their raw materials.
Ø
Many labours lose their jobs, and country’s
economy will be affected.
Ø
People need to move from their places for job,
education and health etc.,
Ø
During the time of disasters transport and
communication can rescue the people from the danger.
Ø
Rural economy will develop when a village is
connected with the nearby town.
4.Advantages
of roadways over the railways
Ø
Construction costs of roads are cheaper than the
railways.
Ø
Roads can be laid on dissected and undulated
topography.
Ø
Roads can negotiate with high gradient of hill
slope.
Ø
Roads can provide door to door service.
Ø
Roads are feeders for other modes of
transportation.
5.Classification of roads on the basis
of their capacity.
Golden – Quadrilateral Super High ways:
Ø
It connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkatta.
North – South corridor: It
connects Srinagar to Kanyakumari
East – West corridor: It
connects Borbandar in Gujarat to Silcher in Assam
Ø
These roads are constructed and maintained by
National Highway authority of India (NHAI).
National Highway:
Ø
It connects state capitals with national
capital.
Ø
Constructed and maintained by Central Public
Works Department (CPWD).
Ø
Ex: NH7 Varanasi and Kanyakumari
State Highway:
Ø
It connects district head quarters with state
capital.
Ø
Constructed and maintained by PWD of the
respective state.
District Roads:
Ø
It connects the towns and big villages with the
district head quarter.
Ø
These roads are constructed and maintained by
Zilla Parishad or District Board.
Rural Roads:
Ø
These roads connects one village with other
village and near by town.
Ø
These are constructed and maintained by gram
panchayat.
Ø
These roads gets funds from Pradhan Mantri
Grameen Sadak Yojana.
Border Roads:
Ø
Border Road Organisation was set up in 1960.
Ø
It constructs the roads along the boundaries of
India.
Ø
These roads helps to develop the economy and as
well as defense.
6.Road Density
Ø
Length of roads per hundred sq km
Ø
National Road Density is 142.68km.
Ø
State with Highest Road Density is Kerala having
517.77km.
Ø
State with Lowest Road Density is Jammu and
Kashmir having 12.14 km.
6.Problems faced by Road Transportation
Ø
Half of the roads are unmetalled and seasonal.
Ø
Bridges and culverts are old and narrow.
Ø
Roads are inadequate in India.
7.Merits of Railways.
Ø
Large quantities of goods and passengers can be
transported at a stretch.
Ø
Provides comfortable journey for long distance
travel.
Ø
It connects the people belongs to different
states and culture, standing as a symbol of national integration.
8.Pattern of Railway Network
High Density of Railway Network
Ø
High density of railway network is found in
Northern plains.
Ø
Reasons:1.Flat surface 2.High population 3.Agriculture 4.Mining
Moderate density of railway network:
Ø
Peninsular region undulated topography.
Ø
Railway tracks are passing through the Passes
and Plains.
Low density of railway network
Ø
a.Western Region: Rajasthan has a desert – Low population –
Sandy track
Ø
b.Northern Region: Jammu & Kashmir has
mountains and extreme climate – Low population
Ø
c.North Eastern Region: Presence of Eastern
Himalayas affects the development of railways.
9.Challenges faced by the Indian
Railways.
Ø
Passengers travel without ticket.
Ø
Damage and theft of railway property.
Ø
Pulling of chains in affects the timing of the
trains.
10.Advantages of Pipelines
Ø
Crude oil, Gas and even solids can be
transported in the form of slurry.
Ø
Initial cost of laying is high but running costs
are minimal.
Ø
It rules out transshipment losses or delays.
11.Major Pipelines of India
Ø
Upper Assam to Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh: Via
Guwahati and Allahabad.
Ø
Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab: Via
Mathura and Delhi.
Ø
Hazira in Gujarat to Jagadishpur in Uttar
Pradesh:
12.Merits of waterways:
Ø
Cheapest mode of transport.
Ø
Suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
Ø
Fuel efficient mode of transportation.
Ø
Friendly for environment
13. Development of Inland water
transport system in India / Major water ways.
India
has inland waterways of 14500km, in that 5658 km are navigable
National
Water way 1: The Ganga River (1620 km) Allahabad to Haldia.
National
Water way 2: The Brahmaputra River (891 km) Sadiya to Dhubri.
National
Water way 3: The West Coast Canal (205 km) in Kerala.
National
Water way 4: Godavari and Krishna Rivers (1078 km)
National
Water way 5: Mahanadi, Brahmani and East Coast canal (588 km)
14. Major Sea Ports
India
has 12 major sea ports and 187 Minor and intermediate sea ports.
|
Sea Ports
in West Coast
|
||
|
Port Name
|
Location
|
Special Features
|
|
Kandla
Tidal port
|
Gujarat
|
It was built after the loss of Karachi port
Services Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
|
|
Mumbai
|
Maharashtra
|
Biggest Port in India – It has Natural Harbar
|
|
Javaharlal Nehru
|
Maharashtra
|
This port was built to decongest the Mumbai port
|
|
Marmagao
|
Goa
|
50% of iron ore export of India is taking place through this port
|
|
New Mangalore
|
Karnataka
|
Iron ore from KudreMukh mines exported through this port.
|
|
Kochi
Lagoon port
|
Kerala
|
It has Natural Harbour.
|
|
Sea Ports
in East Coast
|
||
|
Tuticorin
|
Tamil Nadu
|
It has Natural Harbour. It has rich hinterland
Trade with Srilanka and Maldives through this port.
|
|
Chennai
|
Tamil Nadu
|
Oldest Artificial port. 2nd Biggest port after Mumbai
|
|
Visahapatnam
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
Deepest Land locked port. Well protected port.
|
|
Paradip
|
Odisha
|
It specializes in the export of Iron Ore.
|
|
Kolkatta
Tidal port and Riverine port
|
West Bengal
|
Very large and rich hinterland of Ganga – Brahmaputra Basin.
Needs constant dredging
|
|
Haldia Tidal &
Riverine port
|
West Bangal
|
This is a subsidiary port to Kolkatta. This was built to relieve the
pressure of the Kolkatta port.
|
15.Communication
Ø
Exchange of idea from one person to others is
called communication
Ø
Two types of communication, Personal
Communication and Mass communication.
Ø
Personal
communication: Communication between one person to another person
Ø
Post and Phone communication comes under
personal communication
Ø
Post: The Indian
Postal Network is the largest in the world.
Ø
I Class
mail: Cards and Envelops are airlifted between the stations covering air
and land.
Ø
II class
Mail: Book Parcels Periodical and registered news papers are carried only
by surface mail both land and water transportation.
Ø
Six mail
channels: Rajdhani, Metro, Green, Business, Bulk mail and Periodical channel
Ø
Phone: India has
548 million phone connections (2010).
Ø
More than two third of Indian villages are
connected with STD facility.
Ø
Mass
Communication: communication of one person to mass of population.
Ø
Print
media: News papers, magazines and periodicals comes under this.
Ø
In India more than 100 languages news papers are
published.
Ø
More number of news papers are published in
Hindi followed by English and Urdu.
Ø
All India Radio (Akashwani) and Doordharshan
broad caste programs on agriculture and education.
Ø
India is the largest producer of feature films.
Ø
The Central Board of Film Certification is the
authority to certify both Indian and foreign films.
16.Trade
Internal trade: Exchange
of goods with in the country.
International trade: Exchange
of goods between the countries.
Balance of trade: The
difference between the export and import value.
Favourable balance of trade: Export
value is higher than the import value .
Unfavourable balance of trade: Import
value is higher than the export value.
India
has unfavourable balance of trade.
Major export of India :
Agriculture products 9.9%, Ores and minerals 4.0%, Gems and Jewells 14.7%
Major imports of India :
Petroleum 28.6%, Chemicals 5.2%, Machinery 6.4%
17.Tourism as a Trade
Ø
In 2010 5.78 million foreign tourist visited
India.
Ø
India has earned Rs.64,889 crore of foreign
exchange from tourism.
Ø
15 million people directly engaged in tourism
industry.
Ø
Tourism also promotes national integration.
Ø
Types of tourism: Heritage tourism, Eco tourism,
Adventure tourism, Cultural tourism, Medical tourism and Business tourism.
==========================================================================================
5.Minerals and Energy Resources
1.
Define a
mineral:- Homogenous naturally occurring substances with a definable internal
structure.
2.
Geographers
– Study distribution of minerals and associated economic activities.
3.
Geologist – Study
formation of minerals, their age and physical and chemical composition.
4.
Formation
of minerals or Occurrence of minerals
Igneous
and Metamorphic rocks
Ø
In igneous and
metamorphic rocks minerals occur in cracks or joints. Ex:Tin and Copper
Ø
Vains: Smaller occurrence of minerals.
Ø
Loads:Larger occurrence of minerals.
Sedimentary
rocks
Ø
In sedimentary rocks minerals occur in beds or
lay
Ø
Formed due to deposition
Ø
Ex: Coal formed under long periods under great
heat and pressure.
Evaporation: Minerals
like Gypsum, Potash, and Sodium were formed due to evaporation.
Decomposition: soluble
constituents dissolved by the water and leaving the residual mass of weathered
material. Ex: Bauxite
Placer
Deposits: Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley
floor.
Ocean
beds Contains minerals like Manganese.
5.
Rat hole
mining
Some tribal community of north east
involved in extraction of minerals.
They cut long narrow tunnel appears like
Rat hole.
Ex: Coal mining in Jowai and
Cherapunjee.
6.
Ferrous
Minerals
Types of Iron ore
Magnetite: finest
iron ore . upto 70% iron content. Excellent magnetic qualities.
Hematite: Industrial
iron ore. 50% to 60% of iron content.
7.
Distribution
of iron ore/ Major iron belts
|
Belts
|
State
|
Mines
|
|
Odisha –Jharkhand
|
Odisha -Jharkhand
|
Hematite – Badampahar mines in Mayurbhanj and
Kendujhar districts.
Gua and
Noamundi mines in Singbhum district.
|
|
Durg-Bastar- Chandrapur
|
Chattisgarh
|
Bailadila ranges in Bastar distict.
Iron ore is exported to japan and south korea
via vishakapatnam.
|
|
Bellary-Chitradurga – Chikmaglur- Tumkur
|
Karnataka
|
Kudremukh mines – iron ore is exported as
slurry through a pipeline to port near Mangalore.
|
|
Maharashtra - Goa
|
Maharashtra
|
Not a high quality iron ore – Ratnagiri
district of Maharashtra.
|
8.
Manganese: Nearly 10
kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel.
It is also used in manufacturing of
bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.
Odisha is the largest producer of
Manganese.
9.
Non –
Ferrous minerals
Ø
Copper: Melleable
– ductile and good conductor electricity. Copper is mainly used in electrical
cables, electronics and chemical industries.
Ø
Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh and Khetri
mines in Rajasthan and Singbhum district of Jharkhand are the leading producers
of copper.
10.
Bauxite:
Ø
Formed by the decomposition of wide variety of
rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
Ø
It combines with metals such as iron.
Ø
good conductor of electricity.
Ø
Bauxite deposits are found in Amarkantak
plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau of Bilaspur – Katni.
Ø
Odisha is the largest producer of Bauxite.
Ø
Panchpatmali deposits of Koraput district are
the leading producer.
11.
Mica:
Ø
It can be split into thin sheets. Mica can be
clear, black , green, red, yellow or brown. It has insulating properties.
Indispensible in electric and electronic industries.
Ø
Mica deposits are found in Chota Nagpur plateau.
Kodarma Gaya and Hazaribagh of Jharkhand is the leading producer.
Ø
Ajmer of Rajasthan and Nellore of Andhra Pradesh
was the important producer.
12.
Limestone:
Ø
Lime stone is found in association with Calcium
Corbonates or Magnesium carbonates.
Ø
It found in sedimentary rocks.
Ø
It is basic raw material for the cement
industry.
13.
Killer
industry – Large number of workers die
in mine hazards every year. Collapsing of roofs, fire poisonous gas can cause death. Stricter
safety regulations and implementation of environmental laws prevent mining from
becoming a Killer industry
14.
Why
Conservation of minerals is important?
Ø
The total volume of workable mineral deposit is
only 1% of the earth crust.
Ø
Mineral formation takes millions of years.
Ø
The geological process of mineral formation are
so slow but we consume very fast.
Ø
If we continue to extract minerals at this rate
in near future extraction comes from greater depth. as depth increases the
quality of minerals will also decline.
Ø
Production and consumption of minerals will also
lead to pollution.
|
15.
Conventional
energy sources
|
Non Conventional energy sources
|
|
Traditional mode of power generation
|
Modern mode of power
|
|
Thermal and Hydel power
|
Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, Biogas and Atomic power
|
16.
Coal
Formation: Coal is
formed due to the compression of plant material over millions of years.
Types
of coal:
Ø
Peat: - Decaying plants in swamps produce peat.
Very low corban and high moisture.
Ø
Lignite:-Low carbon content, soft and high
moisture content. In Neyveli in Tamilnadu lignite is used to generate power.
Ø
Bituminous:- Most popular and commercial coal.
High grade coal. It is used for smelting of iron in blast furnaces.
Ø
Anthracite:-Highest quality hard coal.
17.
Occurrence
of coal in India
Ø
Godwana coal deposits: Formed little over 200
million years. Found in Damodar valley ( West Bengal – Jharkhand) Kharia, Raniganj and Bokaro are the important
coal fields.
Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and
Wardha valleys also contains coal deposits.
Ø
Tertiary coal: Found in North eastern states of
Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
18.
Which
industries are called Nodal industries?
Petroleum refineries act as a nodal
industry for synthetic textile, fertile and numerous chemical industries.
19.
Occurrences
of Petroleum:
Ø
Most of the occurrences in India are associated
with anticlines and fault traps formed in Tertiary age. Oil is trapped in crest
of the up fold.
Ø
The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or
sandstone through which oil may flow.
Ø
The oil is also found in fault traps between
porous and non porous rocks.
Ø
Gas being lighter usually occurs above the oil.
20.
Distribution
of oil: 63% of production of petroleum from Mumbai High. 18% from Ankeleshwar
of Gujarat, 13% from Digboi, Nagarbatia and Moran-Hugrijan of Assam.
21.
Natural gas
Ø
Natural gas is along with Petroleum.
Ø
Natural gas is considered an environment friendly
fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions.
Ø
Distribution: Krishna – Godavari basin, Mumbai
High, Gulf of Cambay, Andaman and Nicobar islands.
Ø
The 1700 km long Hazira – Vijaipur – Jagdishpur
pipelines links Mumbai high with the fertilizer power and industrial complexes.
Non
conventional sources of power
22.
Nuclear
Energy: It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms of radioactive
minerals like Uranium and Thorium.
Ø
Uranium and Thorium are available in Jharkhand
and Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan.
Ø
The Monosite sands of Kerala is rich in Thorium.
23.
Solar
energy: India is tropical country.
Ø
India has enormous possibilities of tapping
solar energy.
Ø
Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight
directly into electricity.
Ø
If we establish the some big solar power plants
which will minimize the use of firewood and dungcake in rural house hold.
Ø
It is a green energy, contribute more to
environmental conservation.
24.
Wind energy: India has
great potential of wind energy.
Ø
Largest wind farm cluster is located in
Tamilnadu from Nagar koil to Madurai. Andhra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala have
wind mills.
25.
Bio gas:
Ø
Decomposition of organic matter yields gas.
Which has high thermal efficiency in comparison with kerosene, charcoal and
dung cake.
Ø
Bio gas plants are set up at municipal, co
operative and individual levels.
Ø
The plants using cattle dung are known as “Gobar
gas plants”.
26.
Tidal
energy: Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity.
Ø
Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During
high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed.
After the tide falls outside the flood gate the water retained by the floodgate
flows back to the sea via a tunnel mounted with power generating turbine.
Ø
Distribution: Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat,
Sundarban regions of West Bengal
27.
Geo Thermal
Energy:
Ø
It refers generating electricity by using the
heat from the interior.
Ø
Geothermal energy exist because of the earth
grows progressively hotter with increasing depth.
Ø
Some places high temperature is found at shallow
depth. Such placed underground water turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and
generate electricity.
Ø
Distribution: Parvathi valley near manikaran in
Himachal Pradesh and Puga valley in Ladakh.
28.
Conservation
of Energy or Energy saved is energy produced
Ø
We have to adopt a cautious approach for the
judicious use of our energy resources.
Ø
Using public vehicles, Switching off electricity
when not in use, Using power saving devices and using non-conventional sources
of energy.
=========================================================================================
6.Manufacturing
Industries
1.What is manufacturing?
Ø
Raw materials are
processed and changed into valuable consumer goods is called manufacturing. Ex:
converting cotton into a garment
2.Importance /Significance of
Manufacturing:
Ø
Manufacturing reduce
the dependence of people on agriculture.
Ø
Manufacturing can
eradicate unemployment and poverty.
Ø
Export of
manufactured goods increase the foreign exchange reserve.
Ø
The countries which
transform the raw material into valuable goods are prosperous.
3.Contribution of manufacturing
to GDP of India.
Ø
Manufacturing sector
contribute to 17% of the GDP.
Ø
Mining and quarrying
contribute 10% to the GDP.
Ø
In East Asian
countries contribution of manufacturing sector contribution to GDP is 25% to
35%.
Ø
India is growing at
7% growth rate, where as our desired growth rate is 12%
4.Name the factors which
determines the location of the industry
Ø
Raw material: The industries which
use heavy raw materials, that industry should located near to the mine.Ex:NLC
Thermal plant
Ø
Labour:Cheap and skilled labour is also determines
the location labour intensive industries. EX:Software industry
Ø
Power: Near by the power plant there will be
industries to get use of the power.
Ø
Government policy:Favourable policies
of the government like free electricity, relaxation of taxes can attract the industries. Ex:Ford
at Chennai.
5.Agglomeration Economies:
Ø
Many industries come
together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres knows as
Agglomeration Economies.
6.Classification of industries:
Ø
Source of Raw
material: agro based- sugar industry .
Mineral based – Thermal plant
Ø
Main role:Basic or Key industry:Industries manufacture raw material for other industries.
Consumer
industry: Industries manufacture goods for direct
use of the consumer.
Ø
Capital: Small Scale: less than one crore investment .
Large
scale: More than one crore investment. Ex: BHEL
Ø
Ownership:Public Sector: By
government BHEL.
Private:by individuals – TATA
Joint sector:Jointly invested by both private and govt. Ex:Maruthi
Co-operative sector:operated
by the producers of raw materials.Ex.AMUL
7.Why Cotton textile industries
are concentrated in Mumbai and Ahemadabad?
a.Availability of Raw
cotton, b. Market, Transport, c.port facilities, d.moist climate and e.
labour etc.
8.Problems faced by the cotton textile industries?
a.Errotic power supply, b.out dated machinery, c.mismatch
between spinning and weaving mills and d.low output of the labour.
9.Why Jute textile industries are concentrated in
Hugli basin or W.Bengal?
a.Jute growing areas, b.inexpensive water
transport, c.good network of railways, d.abundant water for processing raw
jute.
10.What are the problems faced by the jute
industries?
Ø
Stiff competition
from Bangladesh , Brazil and Egypt
Ø
Stiff competition
from the introduction of synthetic fibres.
11.Why suger industries are located at peninsular
India recently?
Ø
The Sea breeze
increase the sucrose content in the sugar cane, it increase the sugar yield.
12.What are the problems faced by the sugar
industry?
Ø
Seasonal in nature,
inefficient methods of production, transport delay decreases the sucrose
content in the cane.
13.Why Iron and Steel industry is called Key or
Basic industry?
Ø
It provides basic
material like engineering goods, construction material and other machines.
Ø
Production and
consumption of steel is an index of industrial development.
14.Why Iron and steel industries are concentrated
in Chota- Nagpur plateau?
Ø
Low cost iron ore,
high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and big local market.
15.What are the challenges faced by the iron and
steel industries in India?
Ø
High cost of cooking
coal, low productivity of labour, Irregular supply of energy, poor
infrastructure.
20.Automobile industry in India
Ø
This industry
experienced quantum jump in 15 years.
Ø
15 units
manufacturing car, 14 units manufacturing two-three whealers.
Ø
FDI boosted this
industry.
Ø
Delhi, Mumbai,
Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangaluru are the major manufacturing regions.
21.IT and Electronics industry:
Ø
It covers
T.V,Cellular, Computers, radars etc.,
Ø
Bangaluru is the electronic capital of India. Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangaluru are the major locations.
Ø
There are 46 software
parks. 30% of the workers are women in this sector. This sector has promoted
women empowerment a lot.
Ø
This sector along
with BPO sector is the one of the largest foreign exchange earner for India.
22.How can we control environmental degradation?
Ø
Reusing and recycling
of water.
Ø
Rainwater harvesting
in industry
Ø
Water treatment by
primary treatment by mechanical method,
secondary treatment by biological method, tertiary treatment by both
methods.
Ø
Fitting electrostatic
precipitatiors, filters and scrubbers to reduce air pollution.
23.NTPC:
Ø
upgrading the
machinery in the factory.
Ø
Maximizing ash
utilization,
Ø
Green belts around
the factory,
Ø
Ash pond management
and Data base management of environment for all the power stations.
=============================================================================================
4.Agriculture
Types of Farming:
Primitive Subsistence Farming
Ø
It is practiced by the tribes by using primitive
tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
Ø
Farmers choose the forest and slash the trees
and cultivating the crops.
Ø
After the few years soil loose the fertility and
move to other forest and continue the same process.
Ø
It is known as different names in different
places. North east –Jhumming, Milpa in
Mexico and Central America
Ø
Conuco in Venzuela, Roca in Brazil Ladang in
Indonesia, masole in Central Africa and Ray in Viet nam. Kumari in Tamil
nadu/Western ghats.
Intensive subsistence farming:
Ø
Farmers have small piece of land.
Ø
Due to fragmentation of land by right to
inheritance.
Ø
Farmers cultivate food crops.
Ø
Farmers apply high doses of bio chemical inputs
and irrigation for obtaining high production
Ø
Most of the production consumed by the family
and remaining sold in the market to meet other expenses.
Commercial Farming
Ø
Farmers has big size of land holding.
Ø
Farmers use higher doses of modern inputs like
HYV,Chemical fertilizers, Pesticides and Insecticides.
Ø
Farmers cultivate cash crops like cotton, Sugar
cane etc.,
Ø
Farmers in Punjab and Haryana cultivate Rice as
a cash crop.
Ø
Plantation farming is also a type of commercial
farming
Ø
In this method of farming, a single crop is
grown on a large area.
Ø
It covers large area.
Ø
This type of farming is associated with industries.
Ø
All the produce use as a raw material in
industries.
Ø
EX:Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Sugarcane, Banana etc.,
Cropping pattern / Major Cropping Seasons
|
Kharif Cropping Season
|
Rabi Cropping Season
|
|
Crops grown during summer
|
Crops grown during winter
|
|
Sowing: with on
set of monsson (june)
|
Sowing:October
and December
|
|
Harvest:September
to October
|
Harvest:April to
June
|
|
Crops:Paddy,Cotton,
Jute, Groundnut,Tur etc.,
|
Crops:Wheat,
Barley, Mustard, Peas and Grams.
|
|
Regions:West
Bengal, Tamil nadu, odishha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana.
|
Regions: Punjab,
Haryana, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh
|
Major
Crops – Food Crops
|
Rice
|
Wheat
|
|
Staple food of majority of Indians
|
Second staple food of Indians
|
|
Second largest producer of rice in world after china.
|
Second largest producer in
the world after USA
|
|
Conditions: Kharif crop – above 25 C of temperature
100cm of rainfall or irrigation.
|
Conditions:Rabi crop- Cool growing season and Bright sun shine
during ripening. 50 to 75cm of rainfall
|
|
Distribution: Coastal Plains and Northern Plains
|
Distribution: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
|
Millets
: Rain fed crops – Very high nutritional value
Jowar
: Maharashtra is major producer of Jower.
Bajra:
Rajastan is major producer of Bajra.
Ragi
: Karnataka is the major producer of Ragi.
Maize:
Karnataka is the major producer of Maize
Pulses:
India is the Largest producer and consumer of pulses.
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