Std:10 7.Life
lines of National Economy R.Ayyappan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.Transportation: Movement of
goods and passengers from one place to another.
2.Communication: Conveying
thoughts and ideas to others.
3.Why Transportation and
communication is considered as life lines of the national Economy?
Ø Raw
material should reach the industry and finished products need to reach the
market.
Ø Without
transport and communication people will short supply of goods.
Ø Without
manufactures cannot sell their products and raw material producers unable to
sell their raw materials.
Ø Many
labours lose their jobs, and country’s economy will be affected.
Ø People need
to move from their places for job, education and health etc.,
Ø During the
time of disasters transport and communication can rescue the people from the
danger.
Ø Rural
economy will develop when a village is connected with the nearby town.
4.Advantages
of roadways over the railways
Ø Construction
costs of roads are cheaper than the railways.
Ø Roads can
be laid on dissected and undulated topography.
Ø Roads can
negotiate with high gradient of hill slope.
Ø Roads can
provide door to door service.
Ø Roads are
feeders for other modes of transportation.
5.Classification of roads on the
basis of their capacity.
Golden – Quadrilateral Super High
ways:
Ø It connects
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkatta.
North – South corridor: It connects
Srinagar to Kanyakumari
East – West corridor: It
connects Borbandar in Gujarat to Silcher in Assam
Ø These roads
are constructed and maintained by National Highway authority of India (NHAI).
National Highway:
Ø It connects
state capitals with national capital.
Ø Constructed
and maintained by Central Public Works Department (CPWD).
Ø Ex: NH7
Varanasi and Kanyakumari
State Highway:
Ø It connects
district head quarters with state capital.
Ø Constructed
and maintained by PWD of the respective state.
District Roads:
Ø It connects
the towns and big villages with the district head quarter.
Ø These roads
are constructed and maintained by Zilla Parishad or District Board.
Rural Roads:
Ø These roads
connects one village with other village and near by town.
Ø These are
constructed and maintained by gram panchayat.
Ø These roads
gets funds from Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.
Border Roads:
Ø Border Road
Organisation was set up in 1960.
Ø It
constructs the roads along the boundaries of India.
Ø These roads
helps to develop the economy and as well as defense.
6.Road Density
Ø Density of
road per hundred sq km
Ø National
Road Density is 142.68km.
Ø State with
Highest Road Density is Kerala having 517.77km.
Ø State with
Lowest Road Density is Jammu and Kashmir having 12.14 km.
6.Problems faced by Road
Transportation
Ø Half of the
roads are unmetalled and seasonal.
Ø Bridges and
culverts are old and narrow.
Ø Roads are
inadequate in India.
7.Merits of Railways.
Ø Large
quantities of goods and passengers can be transported at a stretch.
Ø Provides comfortable
journey for long distance travel.
Ø It connects
the people belongs to different states and culture, standing as a symbol of
national integration.
8.Pattern of Railway Network
High Density of Railway Network
Ø High
density of railway network is found in Northern plains.
Ø Reasons:1.Flat
surface 2.High population 3.Agriculture 4.Mining
Moderate density of railway
network:
Ø Peninsular
region undulated topography.
Ø Railway
tracks are passing through the Passes and Plains.
Low density of railway network
Ø a.Western Region: Rajasthan has a desert – Low population –
Sandy track
Ø b.Northern Region: Jammu & Kashmir has
mountains and extreme climate – Low population
Ø c.North Eastern Region: Presence of
Eastern Himalayas affects the development of railways.
9.Challenges faced by the Indian
Railways.
Ø Passengers
travel without ticket.
Ø Damage and
theft of railway property.
Ø Pulling of
chains in affects the timing of the trains.
10.Advantages of Pipelines
Ø Crude oil,
Gas and even solids can be transported in the form of slurry.
Ø Initial
cost of laying is high but running costs are minimal.
Ø It rules
out transshipment losses or delays.
11.Major Pipelines of India
Ø Upper Assam
to Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh: Via Guwahati and Allahabad.
Ø Salaya in
Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab: Via Mathura and Delhi.
Ø Hazira in
Gujarat to Jagadishpur in Uttar Pradesh:
12.Merits of waterways:
Ø Cheapest
mode of transport.
Ø Suitable
for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
Ø Fuel
efficient mode of transportation.
Ø Friendly
for environment
13. Development of Inland water
transport system in India / Major water ways.
India
has inland waterways of 14500km, in that 5658 km are navigable
National Water way 1: The Ganga
River (1620 km) Allahabad to Haldia.
National Water way 2: The
Brahmaputra River (891 km) Sadiya to Dhubri.
National Water way 3: The West
Coast Canal (205 km) in Kerala.
National Water way 4: Godavari
and Krishna Rivers (1078 km)
National Water way 5: Mahanadi,
Brahmani and East Coast canal (588 km)
14. Major Sea Ports
India
has 12 major sea ports and 187 Minor and intermediate sea ports.
|
Sea Ports
in West Coast
|
||
|
Port Name
|
Location
|
Special Features
|
|
Kandla
Tidal port
|
Gujarat
|
It was built after the loss of Karachi port
Services Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
|
|
Mumbai
|
Maharashtra
|
Biggest Port in India – It has Natural Harbar
|
|
Javaharlal Nehru
|
Maharashtra
|
This port was built to decongest the Mumbai port
|
|
Marmagao
|
Goa
|
50% of iron ore export of India is taking place through this port
|
|
New Mangalore
|
Karnataka
|
Iron ore from KudreMukh mines exported through this port.
|
|
Kochi
Lagoon port
|
Kerala
|
It has Natural Harbour.
|
|
Sea Ports
in East Coast
|
||
|
Tuticorin
|
Tamil Nadu
|
It has Natural Harbour. It has rich hinterland
Trade with Srilanka and Maldives through this port.
|
|
Chennai
|
Tamil Nadu
|
Oldest Artificial port. 2nd Biggest port after Mumbai
|
|
Visahapatnam
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
Deepest Land locked port. Well protected port.
|
|
Paradip
|
Odisha
|
It specializes in the export of Iron Ore.
|
|
Kolkatta
Tidal port and Riverine port
|
West Bengal
|
Very large and rich hinterland of Ganga – Brahmaputra Basin.
Needs constant dredging
|
|
Haldia Tidal &
Riverine port
|
West Bangal
|
This is a subsidiary port to Kolkatta. This was built to relieve the
pressure of the Kolkatta port.
|
15.Communication
Ø Exchange of
idea from one person to others is called communication
Ø Two types
of communication, Personal Communication and Mass communication.
Ø Personal communication:
Communication between one person to another person
Ø Post and
Phone communication comes under personal communication
Ø Post: The Indian Postal Network is the
largest in the world.
Ø I Class mail:
Ø Cards and
Envelops are airlifted between the stations covering air and land.
Ø II class Mail:
Ø Book
Parcels Periodical and registered news papers are carried only by surface mail
both land and water transportation.
Ø Six mail channels: Rajdhani, Metro, Green,
Business, Bulk mail and Periodical channel
Ø Phone: India has 548 million phone
connections (2010).
Ø More than
two third of Indian villages are connected with STD facility.
Ø Mass Communication: communication of one person
to mass of population.
Ø Print media: News papers, magazines and
periodicals comes under this.
Ø In India
more than 100 languages news papers are published.
Ø More number
of news papers are published in Hindi followed by English and Urdu.
Ø All India Radio (Akashwani) and Doordharshan broad
caste programs on agriculture and education.
Ø India is
the largest producer of feature films.
Ø The Central Board of Film Certification is
the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films.
16.Trade
Internal trade: Exchange
of goods with in the country.
International trade: Exchange
of goods between the countries.
Balance of trade: The
difference between the export and import value.
Favourable balance of trade: Export
value is higher than the import value .
Unfavourable balance of trade: Import
value is higher than the export value.
India
has unfavourable balance of trade.
Major export of India :
Agriculture products 9.9%, Ores and minerals 4.0%, Gems and Jewells 14.7%
Major imports of India : Petroleum
28.6%, Chemicals 5.2%, Machinery 6.4%
17.Tourism as a Trade
Ø In 2010
5.78 million foreign tourist visited India.
Ø India has
earned Rs.64,889 crore of foreign exchange from tourism.
Ø 15 million
people directly engaged in tourism industry.
Ø Tourism
also promotes national integration.
Ø Types of tourism: Heritage tourism, Eco
tourism, Adventure tourism, Cultural tourism, Medical tourism and Business
tourism.
======================================================================
No comments:
Post a Comment