The Making of Global World

History

Std :10                                           The making of Global world                                 R.Ayyappan

Unit – 1

1.Why people move from one place to other place in the past?

Ø In ancient times travelers, traders, priest and pilgrims travelled to other places.

Ø They travelled for knowledge, wealth, opportunity and spiritual fulfillment.

Ø They carried goods, money, values, ideas, inventions, even germs.

2. Silk routes

Ø Historians identified silk routes over land and sea.

Ø This route connects Asia, Europe and Northern Africa.

Ø This route existed from Christian Era to fifteenth century.

Ø Along with silk, Chinese Pottery also travelled in the same route.

Ø Textiles and spices were exported to Europe and in return gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.

3. Food travel

Ø Noodles travelled from China and become spaghetti.

Ø Arab traders took Pasta to Sicily of Italy.

Ø Foods like Potatoes, Soya, Groundnuts, Maize,Tomatoes and Chillies were brought from America to Europe by Columbus.

Ø Ireland’s poorest peasants so depend on potato. When a disease destroyed the crops in the mid 1840s, thousands of them died in starvation.

4. How Spanish use germs to colonise the Americas?

Ø European conquest over America was not just a result of fire power.

Ø Spanish sent the persons who infected with smallpox to America.

Ø America’s original inhabitants had no immunity due to their long isolation.

Ø Before reaching of Europeans, the smallpox decimated the whole of communities.

Ø Europeans easily conquest the Americas.

5.Why Europeans moved out of Europe during the 19^th century?

Ø Until 19^th century poverty and hunger were common in Europe.

Ø Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were spread in Europe.

Ø Religious conflicts were common.

Ø Dissenters were persecuted. So people fled Europe to America.

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Unit  - 2

6.Three types of flows

Ø Economist identified three types of flows.

Ø Flow of Goods: Cloth or wheat traded between various countries.

Ø Flow of Labour: Migration of people in search of employment.

Ø Flow of Capital: Capital move for short – term or long – term investment over long distances.

7.Corn Law

Ø Due to the increase of population, there was increased demand for food grains in Britain.

Ø The food grain prices went up in Europe due to short supply.

Ø Under the pressure of landed group the government restricted the import of corn.

Ø This act of restricting the import of Corn is called CORN LAW.

Ø Unhappy with food prices, the industrialist and urban dwellers forced the abolition of

Ø CORN LAW.

Ø So the government scrapped the Corn law.

Ø Now vast areas of land left uncultivated in Britain.  Because of very less price of the imported grains.

Ø Britain started to depend on imports of food grains.

8.Why Railways and Ports were established?

Ø Lands were cleared in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia to meet the demands of Britain.

Ø Capital flowed from London.

Ø Railways were constructed to link the agriculture region with ports.

Ø Ports were built to carry the grains and raw materials to Europe.

Ø Nearly 50 million people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia.

Ø All over the world 150 million people crossed oceans to better future.

 9.How agricultural economy taken shape?

Ø Food no longer comes from nearby village.

Ø But it came from thousands of miles away.

Ø Earlier grains supplied by the peasant tilling his own land but now from a agriculture labour who travelled from Africa and Asia.

Ø A forest was cleared for this purpose, railways were constructed and ports were operating the shipping.

10.Canal colonies

Ø In west Punjab the British Indian government build network of irrigation canals to transform the semi desert into agricultural land.

Ø These changes took place to cultivate wheat and cotton to satisfy the demand of Britiain.

Ø The peasants and labours settled near the canals for the work, so they are known as Canal colonies.

11.How technology assisted the global trade?

Ø Till 1870s animals were shipped live from Americas to Europe.

Ø They slaughtered in Europe.

Ø But live animals took lot space in the ship.

Ø They fell ill in voyage, and lost weight become unfit for to eat.

Ø So meat was very expensive and luxury food in Europe.

Ø The high prices kept this business down.

Ø After the new technology namely refrigerated ships, changes took place in this industry.

Ø Now animals were slaughtered in America and Australia and transported as frozen meat.

Ø It reduced the shipping cost, and lowered the prices of meat.

Ø Now the poor in Europe able to get the meat in his diet.

12.Why European powers met in Berlin in 1885?

Ø European powers met in Berlin to demarcate their boundaries of colonies between them.

Ø Britain and France made vast additions.

Ø Belgium and Germany became new colonial powers.

Ø US also become a colonial power by taking up some colonies of Spain by 1890.

13.What are the problems faced by Europeans in Africa and how they tried to resolve?

Ø Europeans faced the challenge of labour.

Ø Africa is rich in land and cattle wealth.

Ø Very rarely they work for wages.

Ø They not turned to mines and plantations owned by the Europeans.

Ø So they used many methods to recruit labour.

Ø Heavy taxes were imposed, they can pay only if they work in mines or plantations.

Ø Inheritance laws were changed so that only one member in the family was allowed to inherit the land. Others were pushed into labour market. 

14.How Rinderpest or Cattle plague helped Europeans to colonise Africa ?

Ø Rinderpest arrived in Africa in 1880.

Ø It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading the Eritrea in Eastern Europe.

Ø It spread like a forest fire.

Ø The Rinderpest reached the Atlantic coast by 1890 and reached the Cape (Southern tip) next five years.

Ø It killed 90% cattle wealth of Africa.

Ø The loss of cattle destroyed the African livelihood.

15. Indentured Labour Migration from India.

Ø In the 19^th century thousands of Indian and Chinese labour went to work on plantations, mines and railway constructions all over the world.

Ø In India indentured labour were hired under contracts for five years.

Ø Workers came from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and Dry districts of Tamil nadu.

Ø Cottage industries declined, lands rents rose, and lands were cleared for mines and plantations.

Ø All affected the lives of people. So they forced to migrate in search of work.

Ø Indian indentured migrants mostly went to caribbean islands, Mauritius, Fiji, Ceylon and Malaya.

Ø Recruitment was done by agents.

Ø Agents provided false information to the migrants on place of work, nature of work, and the working conditions.

Ø Some time less willingness migrants were abducted by the agents for commission.

Ø They conditions were worst in their work place.

Ø They had few legal rights so indentured labour system was described as a NEW SYSTEM OF SLAVERY.

16. Blending of different culture.

Ø The indentured workers found new ways to surviving.

Ø Those who try to escape they were punished severely.

Ø Others developed new forms of self expression, blending different culture.

Ø In Trinidad annual Muharram procession was transformed into a carnival called HOSAY in which all workers of different religion joined.

Ø The protest religion of RASTAFARIANISM is also showed the cultural links of Indian migrants.

Ø CHUTNEY music popular in Trinidad and Guyana.

Ø Most of the indentured workers stayed on after their contracts ended.

Ø Still we can find large number of Indian decent in Caribbean islands.

Ø Nobal price winning writer V.S.Naipaul, cricketers like Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Ramneresh Sarwan.

Ø In Caribbean islands Indian decent were called as COOLIES, remained as minority stated in the novels of V.S.Naipaul.

Ø Due to the pressure of the nationalist groups  indentured labour system was abolished in 1921 through a act.    

17. Indian Entrepreneurs abroad.

Ø Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai chettiars were the successful communities who financed their funds for the export of agriculture.

Ø They had a system to transfer the money over large distances and financed central and southeast Asia.

Ø Hyderabadi Sindhi traders established emporia in ports during 1860s.

Ø They are the money lenders ventured beyond the European colonies.

18.Why Indian cotton began to decline? How do Britain had TRADE SURPLUS with India?

Ø British industrialist pressurized the government to restrict the cotton imports from India.

Ø Tariffs were imposed on the imports into Britain.

Ø So the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline.

Ø Indian textiles faced stiff competition from other international markets also.

Ø Indian share of cotton textile declined from 30% (1800) to 15% (1815).

Ø By 1870 it dropped to 3%.

Ø At the same time raw cotton exports rose from 5% to 35%.

Ø During the 19^th century British manufactures flooded the Indian market.

Ø The VALUE OF BRITISH EXPORTS TO INDIA WERE HIGHER THAN THE VALUE OF BRITISH IMPORTS FROM  INDIA.

Ø Thus Britain had trade surplus with India.

Ø Britain surplus in India also helped pay the so called “home charges” that included remittances home by British officials, traders and pensions of British officials in India.

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Unit – 3

19. The First World War was  a war like no other. Or The modern industrial war Or how First world war affected the people Or impacts of First World War.

Ø Machine guns, Tanks, Aircrafts and Chemical weapons were used in this war on a massive scale.

Ø All these were the products of modern large scale industries.

Ø Millions of soldiers were recruited to fight the war.

Ø 9 million people died and 20 million people injured.

Ø Most of the killed and maimed were men of working age.

Ø These death and injuries reduced the able- bodied workforce in Europe.

Ø House hold income has declined after the war.

Ø As men went to battle, women stepped into jobs.

Ø Britain borrowed large sums of money from US banks and Public.

Ø Thus this war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.

Ø At the end of the war, the US owned more overseas assets.

21.Post war Recovery.

Ø Post war economic recovery was proved difficult.

Ø Britain was leading the world economy in the pre- war period, but they found difficult to recapture the earlier position in economy and market.

Ø Industries had developed in India and Japan.

Ø Britain liberally borrowed from the US.

Ø At the end of the war Britain burdened with huge external debts.

Ø War time boom on production and employment came an end.

Ø Production contracted and unemployment increased.

Ø By 1921 one out five British workers out of the work.

Ø Agriculture economies were also in crisis.

Ø Eastern Europe was the largest supplier of Wheat in the world market.

Ø This was disrupted during the war.

Ø Wheat production in Canada, America and Australia expanded drastically.

Ø The supply the wheat increased into the world market, so prices fell, incomes declined and farmers fell deeper into debt.

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