Nationalism in Europe
R.Ayyappan
Unification
of Germany
Ø 1848
liberals tried to unite the Germany into one nation, but it was repressed by
large landowners (Junkers) of Prussia, Monarchy and military.
Ø Prussia
took the leadership to unite German confederations.
Ø With
the help of Prussian army and Bureaucracy, the Chief Minister of Prussia Otto
Van Bismark made attempt to unite the Germany.
Ø Three
wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in victory to Otto
Van Bismark and completed the process of unification.
Ø In
January 1871 the Prussian King William –I was proclaimed as the German Emperor.
Unification
of Italy
Ø During
the middle of the 19th century Italy was divided into seven states.
Ø Except
the Sardinia – Piedmont was the only state ruled by the Italian Princely house.
Ø Rest
of the states was ruled by Austrian Habsburg (North), Pope(centre) and Bourbon
kings of Spain (South).
Ø Giuseppe
Mazzini made a programme called Unitary Italian Republic in 1830. And formed
secret society called Young Italy.
Ø The
ruler of Sardinia – Piedmont the King Victor Emmanuel II wanted to unify the
Italian states.
Ø His
Chief minster Cavour led the movement of unification.
Ø Cavour
able to defeat Austrian forces with the alliance with France 1859.
Ø Giuseppe
Garibaldi marched towards South Italy and Kingdom of Two Sicilies with large
number of peasants and drive out the Spanish rulers.
Ø In
1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the King of United Italy.
Unification
of United Kingdom of Great Britain
Ø British
Isles were inhabited by the ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot or
Irish.
Ø English
grow in wealth and political dominance.
Ø The
English parliament seized the power from the monarch in 1688.
Ø The
Act of Union between England and Scotland resulted the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain.
Ø The
England dominated the Scotland.
Ø The
British parliament was dominated with English members. Representation of
Scotland was very less.
Ø The
British tried to destroy the identity of Scotland culture and language.
Ø The
Scottish was forbidden to speak the Gaelic language or wear their national
dress.
Ø In
Ireland English helped the protestants to establish their dominance over the
Catholics.
Ø The
revolt of Wolfe Tone (1798) was suppressed and Ireland was forcibly
incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.
Ø New
Union Jack flag and the National Anthem “God save our noble king” were
promoted.
Visualising
the Nation
Ø Allegories
were formed in Europe to represent their nations.
Ø Marianne,
the female allegory represented the France. With red cape, the tricolor, the
cockade. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.
Ø Germania,
the female allegory represented the Germany. Germania wears a crown of
Oak(heroism),sword(ready to fight), broken chain(Being freed)etc.,
The
Balkan problem
Ø The
Balkan region consists of lot of ethnic variations.
Ø It
include the present day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece and Serbia etc.,
Ø A
large part of the Balkan region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
Ø The
romantic nationalisam spread all over the Balkan region and led to the
disintegration and ideas of nationalism.
Ø During
the 19th century the Ottoman empire was disintegrated.
Ø The
European nationalist in Balken region broke away from the control and declared
independence.
Ø The
Balkan people based on their history they tried to prove that they were
independent in the past.
Ø Many
small Balkan states were formed.
Ø Each
state was jealous about the other and wanted to dominate other which led to the
intense tensions and war.
Ø Big
European powers like Germany, England, Austro-Hungary was keen enter into this
region.
Ø The
series of wars in this region finally ended in the First World War.
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sir treaty of vienna?
ReplyDeleteThanks sir
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