Std:10 Democratic Politics
Simplified study material
1. Power Sharing
1.Case
study of Belgium
Ø In Belgium 59% of people speak
Dutch and 40% of people speak French.
Ø In capital Brussels 80% of people
speak French While 20% of people speak Dutch.
Ø Minority French speaking people was
relatively rich and powerful
Ø So rulling government schemes were
in favour of Dutch speaking people.
Ø It led to tensions between Dutch
and French speaking communities.
2.Accommodation/solution
in Belgium.
Ø Between 1970 and 1993 four times
constitution was amended.
Ø Central government ministry was
shared by French and Dutch communities equally.
Ø Central governemt shared its power
with the regional governments.
Ø Community government was setup to
look at the issues of language, education and culture.
Ø Separate government for Brussels
and French shared ministry with Dutch.
3.Case
study of Sri Lanka / Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka.
Ø In Sri Lanka 74% of people speak
Sinhala.
Ø Tamil speaking population was 18%.
Ø In that Sri Lankan Tamils or Native
Tamils were 13% and Indian Tamils were 5%.
Ø 1956 the Only Sinhala Act made
Sinhala as the only official Language.
Ø Reservation policies were made in
favour of Sinhala and against of Tamils.
Ø Tamil people raised their demands
which was ignored by the government.
Ø So Tamil people demanded Separate
state called Tami Eelam.
Ø The civil war took place in Sri Lanka
and ended in favour in Sinhala
Ø Thousands of innocent Tamil people
were killed in the war.
4.Why
power sharing is desirable? Why do we need power sharing?
Prudential
Reasons:
Ø Power sharing can reduce the
conflict between two communities.
Ø Power sharing may increase the
stability of the government.
Ø Power sharing can reduce the
violence between two communities.
Moral
Reasons:
Ø Power sharing is the very spirit of
democracy.
Ø People have a right to be
consulted.
5.Forms
of Power sharing / Kinds of power sharing:
Horizontal power sharing:
Ø Power sharing among the organs of
the government.
Ø Power sharing between Legislative, Executive
and Judiciary.
Ø None of the organ is having
unlimited powers.
Ø Each organ can check others.
Vertical power sharing
Ø Power sharing among the different
levels of the government
Ø Central government for overall country.
Ø There will be regional government
or state government.
Ø The central government shares its
powers with state government.
Ø The state government shares powers
with the local government.
Ø There will be federal setup of multi-level
governance.
Ø Ex: India and Belgium
Power sharing with different social
groups
Ø Power sharing with weaker section
of the society.
Ø In India reservation has been given
to the SC/ST and women.
Ø Powers sharing with minorities and
weaker section of the people.
Ø Ex: Community government in
Belgium.
Power sharing with Political
parties, pressure groups and movements
Ø Two or more parties form an
alliance and share power.
Ø Interest groups like farmers,
traders can also share the power by influencing the government in their favour.
Ethnic:A Social division based on culture.
People have similarities in physical looks and culture. Need not always have
same religion and nationality.
Majoritarianism: A belief of the majority community
dominate or rule over the minority community. Disregarding the needs and wishes
of the minority.
Civil
war: A violent conflict between two
groups within the nation.
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2. Federalism
1.What
is federalism?
Ø In a federal system a country have
two or more level of government.
Ø There will be a central or union
government for entire country.
Ø There will be regional governments at regional level.
2.What
are the key features of federalism?
Ø There are two or more level of
government.
Ø Each level of government has its
own jurisdiction.
Ø Jurisdictions are specified in the
constitution.
Ø Basic rights of the constitution
cannot be changed by one level of government.
Ø Court have the power to interpret
the constitution.
Ø Sources of revenue has been shared
between the different levels of the government.
3.
What are two objectives of the federal government?
Ø To safeguard and promote the unity
of the country.
Ø To accommodate the regional
diversity.
4.Differentiate
COMING TOGETHER
FEDERATION AND HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION
COMING
TOGETHER FEDERATION:
Ø A.Independent states coming
together on their own and form big unit.
Ø B.Ex:USA and Australia
HOLDING
TOGETHER FEDERATION:
Ø A.A large country divided into
smaller divisions.
Ø B.Ex: India and Belgium.
5.What
makes India a federal country?
Ø The constitution of India declared
that India is an Indian Union.
Ø Earlier we started with two tier
government now we have three tier administration.
Ø Union list: subjects of national
importance. Ex: Banking and Currency etc.,
Ø State list: subjects of local
importance. Ex: Police, agriculture and irrigation etc.,
Ø Concurrent list: These are common
subjects where both level of government can make laws. Ex:Education, forest and
marriage.
6.Linguistic
states
Ø Lanuage based states were formed to
ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same state.
Exception to Nagaland, Uttarkhand and Jharkhand.
Ø Some national leaders had a fear
that linguistic states can separate the nation but now it made our country more
united.
7.Language
policy
Ø Our constitution did not gave the
status of National Language to any one language.
Ø Hindi was identified as the
official language of central government.
Ø Hindi is the mother tongue of 40%
of the Indians.
Ø In 1965 the use of English for official purpose was
stop, but non Hindi states demanded English to continue.
Ø particularly in Tamil nadu the Anti
Hindi Movement took violent form.
Ø So the Central Government agreed to
continue the use of English for official purpose.
Ø In this issue national leaders
shown great flexibility which avoided the conflict like Srilanka.
8.Centre
– State relationship
Ø When same party ruling in the
Central and State government than the state get more favours.
Ø When State and Centre governments
were ruled by different party, the Central Government undermine the State
government.
Ø In those days central government
misuse the powers and dismiss the state government.
Ø After 1990 we could able to sew a
rise of regional parties.
Ø The era of COALITION GOVERNMENTS
has strengthened the federal set up.
9.What
is decentralization?
Ø When power is taken away from the
Central and State governments and given to the Local government is called
decentralization.
10
Why decentralization of power is needed?
Ø Large number of problems are local
in nature.
Ø Most of the problems can be solved at local level, need
not taken to the higher level.
Ø local people have the better
understanding of the issue and they can come out with best solution.
Ø It give the sense to the people
that they are in decision taking process.
11.What
was the major step took in decentralization
in 1992
Ø Local government elections became
mandatory.
Ø Seats are reserved SC/ST.
Ø One third seats are reserved for Women
Ø State Election commission was set
up in all states to look after the election process.
Ø The State government need to share
its power and money to the local government.
Jurisdiction:
The area over which someone has legal authority.
Coalition
government: A government
formed by at least two political parties.
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3.Democracy and Diversity
1.Story
of Mexico Olympics:
Ø Mexico Olympics held at 1968.
Ø African - Americans Tommie smith and John carlos won gold and
bronse medal in 200 meters race for USA
Ø While receiving medal both were
wearing black socks and no shoes to represent the black poverty.
Ø The raised clenched fists, they
represent black power.
Ø Peter Norman who got silver medal
also wear Human rights batch to support Tommie Smith and John Carlos.
Ø The International Olympics
Association held Tommie smith and John Carlos held guilty and taken back their
medals.
Ø Peter Norman was not selected for
Australian team for next Olympics.
Ø San Jose University erected statue
for Tommie smith and John Carlos.
Ø Tommie Smith and John Carlos were gone
to Australia to participate in the funeral of Peter Norman who supported him as an athlete.
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2.Origin
of Social Differences
There are two sources of social
differences
a.On
the basis of Birth:
Race, Caste, Color, Nationality, Ability and disability of the body are the
certain social differences the child gets with the birth.
b.On
the basis of Choices: Education,
Occupation, Ageists or Devotee, Games, Hobby are the certain social differences
a person can choose in his life.
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3.Overlapping
and Cross-Cutting social differences.
Overlapping
Social differences:
Ø One social difference becomes more
important than the other and people start to feeling that they belongs to
different communities
Ø Class and social division will
overlap on each other
Ø Ex:In Northern Ireland Roman Catholics
were poor and discriminated while protestants were rich and influential.
Ø In USA Blacks were poor, homeless
and discriminated while Whites were rich.
Ø In India Dalits were poor and
landless while upper caste were rich and landlord.
Ø Overlapping social division is very
dangerous to any country.
Cross-Cutting
social differences:
Ø Social differences cross cut each
other and it is difficult to pit one group of people against the other.
Ø Ex:Netherland consist of Roman
Catholics and Protestant.
Ø There rich and poor in both
sections of the religion.
Ø So they don’t have conflicts like Northern
Ireland.
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4.Politics
of Social division or Ranges of Outcomes of social division in politics.
Ø Social division can be represented
in politics.
Ø But domination of one social
division over other can lead to violence between two communities and also
disintegration of the country.
Ø Ex:Northern Ireland Roman Catholics
were 44% and they were poor and discriminated.
Ø The Nationalist party representing
the Roman Catholics demanded that Northern Ireland be unified with Republic of
Ireland where Roman Catholics are majority.
Ø The Unionist party representing the
53% of protestant want the country remain with U.K.
Ø Hundreds of civilians were killed
in the violence.
Ø Finally 1998 the U.K government and
the Nationalist reached a peace treaty. And stop the violence.
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5.Factors
deciding the outcomes of representing social division in politics.
1.How
people perceive themselves?:
Ø If people see their identities in
singular and exclusive it is difficult to accommodate.
Ø In Northern Ireland people saw
themselves as Roman Catholics and protestant.
Ø Where as in Belgium the people saw
themselves as Belgians first and then French and Dutch. So they could able to
solve the problem. Which not took place in Northern Ireland.
2.How
leaders raise their demands?:
Ø When the leaders of the social
division raise their demands within the constitution it will be easy to
accommodate.
Ø In Sri Lanka the Tamil community
demand was above the constitution so it remains un resolved.
3.How
government react to the demands of different social groups?:
Ø In Belgium rulers are willing to
share the powers and accommodate the French. But it not took place in Sri Lanka
the rulers are not ready to share their powers with the minority Tamil people.
Ø If the rulers try to suppress the
demand of the minority in the name of national unity we have to understand that
they are sowing the seeds of disintegration.
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4.Gender,Religion and Movement
1.Gender
and Politics
1.1Sexual
division of politics:
Ø The main responsibility of women is
house work like cooking, washing and taking care of children.
Ø All the work outside the house is
responsibility of men. Men is expected involve in economic activity and earn
money of the family.
Ø Indian family system is Patriarchal
in nature.
1.2Women
and education:
Ø According to 2011 census female
literacy rate is only 54%. Nearly half of Indian women are illiterate.
Ø Even though girls do well in school
education still their enrollment in higher education is very less. Parents are
ready to spend more on boys than the girls.
1.3Women
and work:
Ø Now we could able to see women in
many jobs. But from Sports to Cinema women are paid less than the men.
Ø The Equal Remuneration Act 1976
says that men and women should be paid equally.
Ø Declining Child sex ratio: In many
parts of India parents prefer to have sons and try to abort the girl. So child
sex ratio has declined to 914 girls per 1000 boys.
1.4Women
and politics:
Ø In India 2009 alone the women
representation has crossed 10% in lok sabha. Still most of the state assemblies
women representation is less than 5%.
Ø world average of women in politics
is 19.7% and Nordic countries women representation is 42%.
Ø A bill stating one third seat in
loksabha and vidhan sabha is bending in parliament for more than the decade.
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2.Religion
2.1Views
on religion:
Views
of Gandhi: Religion
can never be separated from the politics.
He believed that politics must be
guided by ethics drawn from religion.
Women’s
Movement: family laws of
all religions discriminate against women.
Human
rights Movement: Human
rights groups argued that most of the victims of communal riots are religious
minorities.
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Communalism:
Ø The religion is seen as the basis
of the nation.
Ø State power is used to establish
the interest of majority religion.
Ø The majority religion dominate the
minority religion through the political power.
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How
communalism can take various forms in politics?
Ø Majority religion beliefs are
established in superior with minority religion.
Ø A communal mind search for
political dominance.
Ø Due to dominance of majority
minority community started to desire for separate unit.
Ø Political mobolisation on religious
lines. Scared symbols and religious leaders emotional speech create the fear in
the minds of the religious minority.
Ø Sometimes communalism takes its
ugliest form of violence.
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Secular
state:
Ø There is no official language for
Indian state.
Ø People have the freedom to profess,
practice and propagate any religion.
Ø The constitution prohibits
discrimination on the grounds of religion.
Ø Government intervene into religion
only when anything go unconstitutional. Ex:
Indian constitution has banned Untouchability.
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