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Std:10 Democratic Politics
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Simplified study material
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Power Sharing
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1.Case study of Belgium
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In
Belgium 59% of people speak Dutch and 40% of people speak French.
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In
capital Brussels 80% of people speak French While 20% of people speak Dutch.
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Minority
French speaking people was relatively rich and powerful
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So
ruling government schemes were in favour of Dutch speaking people.
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It
led to tensions between Dutch and French speaking communities.
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2.Accommodation/solution in Belgium.
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Between
1970 and 1993 four times constitution was amended.
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Central
government ministry was shared by French and Dutch communities equally.
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Central
governemt shared its power with the regional governments.
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Community
government was setup to look at the issues of language, education and culture.
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Separate
government for Brussels and French shared ministry with Dutch.
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3.Case study of Sri Lanka /
Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka.
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In
Sri Lanka 74% of people speak Sinhala.
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Tamil
speaking population was 18%.
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In
that Sri Lankan Tamils or Native Tamils were 13% and Indian Tamils were 5%.
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1956
the Only Sinhala Act made Sinhala as the only official Language.
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Reservation
policies were made in favour of Sinhala and against of Tamils.
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Tamil
people raised their demands which was ignored by the government.
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So Tamil
people demanded Separate state called Tami Eelam.
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The
civil war took place in Sri Lanka and ended in favour in Sinhala
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Thousands
of innocent Tamil people were killed in the war.
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4.Why power sharing is desirable?
Why do we need power sharing?
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Prudential Reasons:
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Power
sharing can reduce the conflict between two communities.
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Power
sharing may increase the stability of the government.
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Power
sharing can reduce the violence between two communities.
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Moral Reasons:
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Power
sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
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People
have a right to be consulted.
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5.Forms of Power sharing / Kinds of
power sharing:
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Horizontal power sharing:
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Power
sharing among the organs of the government.
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Power
sharing between Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
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None
of the organ is having unlimited powers.
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Each
organ can check others.
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Vertical power sharing
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Power
sharing among the different levels of the government
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Central
government for overall country.
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There
will be regional government or state government.
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The
central government shares its powers with state government.
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The
state government shares powers with the local government.
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There
will be federal setup of multi-level governance.
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Ex:
India and Belgium
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Power sharing with different social
groups
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Power
sharing with weaker section of the society.
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In
India reservation has been given to the SC/ST and women.
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Powers
sharing with minorities and weaker section of the people.
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Ex:
Community government in Belgium.
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Power sharing with Political
parties, pressure groups and movements
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Two
or more parties form an alliance and share power.
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Interest
groups like farmers, traders can also share the power by influencing the
government in their favour.
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Ethnic:A Social division based on culture.
People have similarities in physical looks and culture. Need not always have
same religion and nationality.
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Majoritarianism: A belief of the majority community
dominate or rule over the minority community. Disregarding the needs and wishes
of the minority.
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Civil war: A violent conflict between two
groups within the nation.
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· Federalism
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1.What is federalism?
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In a
federal system a country have two or more level of government.
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There
will be a central or union government for entire country.
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There will be regional governments at regional
level.
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2.What are the key features of federalism?
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There
are two or more level of government.
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Each
level of government has its own jurisdiction.
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Jurisdictions
are specified in the constitution.
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Basic
rights of the constitution cannot be changed by one level of government.
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Court
have the power to interpret the constitution.
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Sources
of revenue has been shared between the different levels of the government.
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What are two objectives of the
federal government?
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To
safeguard and promote the unity of the country.
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To
accommodate the regional diversity.
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4.Differentiate COMING TOGETHER FEDERATION AND
HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION
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COMING TOGETHER FEDERATION:
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A.Independent
states coming together on their own and form big unit.
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B.Ex:USA
and Australia
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HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION:
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A.A
large country divided into smaller divisions.
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B.Ex:
India and Belgium.
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5.What makes India a federal
country?
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The
constitution of India declared that India is an Indian Union.
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Earlier
we started with two tier government now we have three tier administration.
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Union
list: subjects of national importance. Ex: Banking and Currency etc.,
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State
list: subjects of local importance. Ex: Police, agriculture and irrigation
etc.,
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Concurrent
list: These are common subjects where both level of government can make laws.
Ex:Education, forest and marriage.
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6.Linguistic states
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Lanuage
based states were formed to ensure that people who spoke the same language
lived in the same state. Exception to Nagaland, Uttarkhand and Jharkhand.
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Some
national leaders had a fear that linguistic states can separate the nation but
now it made our country more united.
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7.Language policy
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Our
constitution did not gave the status of National Language to any one language.
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Hindi
was identified as the official language of central government.
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Hindi
is the mother tongue of 40% of the Indians.
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In
1965 the use of English for official
purpose was stop, but non Hindi states demanded English to continue.
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particularly
in Tamil nadu the Anti Hindi Movement took violent form.
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So
the Central Government agreed to continue the use of English for official
purpose.
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In
this issue national leaders shown great flexibility which avoided the conflict
like Srilanka.
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8.Centre – State relationship
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When
same party ruling in the Central and State government than the state get more
favours.
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When
State and Centre governments were ruled by different party, the Central
Government undermine the State government.
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In
those days central government misuse the powers and dismiss the state
government.
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After
1990 we could able to sew a rise of regional parties.
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The
era of COALITION GOVERNMENTS has strengthened the federal set up.
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9.What is decentralization?
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When
power is taken away from the Central and State governments and given to the
Local government is called decentralization.
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10 Why decentralization of power is
needed?
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Large
number of problems are local in nature.
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Most
of the problems can be solved at local
level, need not taken to the higher level.
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local
people have the better understanding of the issue and they can come out with
best solution.
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It
give the sense to the people that they are in decision taking process.
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11.What was the major step took in
decentralization in 1992
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Local
government elections became mandatory.
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Seats
are reserved SC/ST.
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One
third seats are reserved for Women
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State
Election commission was set up in all states to look after the election
process.
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The
State government need to share its power and money to the local government.
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Jurisdiction:
The area over which someone has legal authority.
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Coalition government: A government formed by at least
two political parties.
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R.Ayyappan
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